臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究檢視晚期兒童在操作商業賽車電玩遊戲（X-Box360）時頭部與身體的擺盪狀況，藉以了解晚期兒童在操縱賽車電玩遊戲時產生的身體擺盪（Postural Sway）與動暈症（Motion Sickness）之關係。以20位（年齡：9.75±0.44 ）國小學童為實驗參與者；X-Box360為視覺模擬器，包括遊戲軟體-極限競速( Forza Motosport ) 和操作器，實驗參與者固定坐於眼睛距離電視屏幕43.3公分（形成左右視角60度、上下視角48度）的距離，調整坐高使其視線高度對齊屏幕正中央位置，以磁性動作追蹤系統 ( Flock of Birds, Ascension Technologies, Burlington, VT )，每秒鐘紀錄40次(設定40Hz)，由兩個接收器分別黏貼於實驗參與者的自行車安全帽(頭部)與第七頸椎(頸部)上接收資料，將磁性動作追蹤系統所接收的資料記錄並儲存以便之後分析。實驗連續進行40分鐘，過程中若有任何不舒服或其他理由不想繼續下去的理由皆可停止實驗，不論有無完成實驗，實驗前後分別填寫模擬裝置動暈問卷 ( Simulator Sickness Questionnaire；SSQ ），並依實驗參與者自陳動暈，將實驗參與者分成健康組（Well group）和動暈組（Sick group）。以卡方分配檢定動暈發生率，以無母數檢定分析實驗參與者之SSQ得分在前、後測的差異，以位移之標準差代表動作變異程度為依變項的2（動暈組、健康組）× 3(時間區段：前、中、後）混合設計二因子變異數分析，檢驗實驗參與者之身體擺盪變異，α皆為.05。研究結果：(1)動暈發生率未達顯著。(2)動暈組與健康組之動暈症狀在時間因子上達顯著差異。(3)動暈組與健康組之身體擺盪變異在不同時間區段有顯著差異。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between postural sway and motion sickness while playing commercial video games（X-Box360） in later childhood. The movements of the participants’ head and torso and the gamepad motion were recorded. Twenty children ( age=9.75±0.44 ) served as voluntary participants. Using X-Box360 as the visual simulator, and a four-wheeled motorcycle racing game. Each participant sat on a plastic chair, which was about 42 cm high and 43.3 cm from the TV (formed a visual angle of 60° horizontal by 48° vertical ). Three receivers of a six-dimensional motion capture device were attached to a bicycle helmet, to the skin at the level of the 7th cervical vertebra, and to the gamepad during the experiment section to collected data from each receiver at 40Hz. The test lasted up to 40 minutes. During the process, the participants can stop whenever they have any discomfort or other reasons. Participants were asked to fill in the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) before and after the experiment. Participants were divided into the healthy group (Well group) and the motion sickness group (Sick group) accorded to their self report. Data analysis : Chi-square was used to analyze the incidence rate of motion sickness. The Mann-Whitney test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test were used to analyze the SSQ data. ANOVAs were used to analyze the movement of the head and torso in terms of the standard deviation of position with separate analyses in the AP, mediolateral ( ML ), and vertical axes. Results : (1) The incidence rate of motion sickness was not significant. (2) The pre-exposure-post-exposure change in SSQ scores was significant for the sick group and well group. (3) The movement variability increased with time. 。

第壹章 緒 論.............................................1

第一節 問題背景.......................................1
第二節 研究問題與假設.................................5
第三節 名詞操作性定義.................................5
第四節 研究範圍與限制.................................6
第五節 研究的重要性...................................7

第貳章 文獻探討...........................................9

第一節 生態取向的知覺理論.............................9
第二節 視覺光流與身體擺盪.............................11
第三節 動暈症的成因...................................12
第四節 年齡因素.......................................15
第五節 本章總結.......................................16

第参章 方 法.............................................18

第一節 實驗參與者.....................................18
第二節 實驗設計.......................................19
第三節 實驗設備與場地.................................19
第四節 實驗程序.......................................20
第五節 資料分析.......................................24

第肆章 研究結果..........................................26

第一節 兒童玩賽車電玩遊戲之動暈發生率.................26
第二節 兒童玩賽車電玩遊戲之動暈症狀...................26
第三節 兒童玩賽車電玩遊戲之身體擺盪與搖桿動作.........28

第伍章 討 論...........................................35

第一節 兒童玩賽車電玩遊戲之動暈發生率.................35
第二節 兒童玩賽車電玩遊戲之動暈症狀...................35
第三節 兒童玩賽車電玩遊戲之身體擺盪與搖桿動作.........36
第四節 綜合討論.......................................39

第陸章 結論與建議.....................................41

第一節 結論..........................................41
第二節 建議..........................................42

引用文獻.................................................44

中文部分...............................................44
外文部分...............................................45
附錄一：家長同意書.....................................47
附錄二：實驗參與者基本資料表...........................48
附錄三：模擬器動暈問卷.................................49
附錄四：擺盪表現變化平均數表...........................50
附錄五：統計分析摘要表.................................52
附錄六：研究流程圖.....................................56
附錄七：作者背景.......................................57

中文部分
胡名霞( 2009 )。動作控制與動作學習。台北縣：金名圖書有限公司。
高雁翎、張智惠 ( 2007 ) 。環境賦使概念之探討。大專體育，92，94-102。
蔡倩瑜 ( 2007 )。兒童平衡能力差異之研究。未出版碩士論文，台北市立教育
大學， 台北市。
曹文瑜、楊惠貞、林政伸、劉宜菁、廖文忠 ( 2007 ) 影響線上遊戲網站體驗
和信任相關因素之探討。 企業管理學報(第74期)，頁67-98。
張獻文 ( 2007 )。概念股之共同移動研究-以任天堂遊戲機「Wii」概念股為例。
未出版碩士論文，國立雲林科技大學，雲林縣。
曾莉雅、張智惠 ( 2010 ，5月)。市售電玩遊戲對兒童身體擺盪之影響與動暈症
【摘要】。國立台東大學動作行為研究與應用國際學術研討會海報發表，
台東市。
曾莉雅、張智惠 ( 2010 ，12月)。 以站姿玩市售電玩遊戲對兒童身體擺盪與動
暈之影響【摘要】。中華民國體育運動學術團體聯合年會暨論文學術研討
會海報發表，台北市。
李美芳、黃立欣譯 ( 2009 ). Child Development (7E) . Taiwan : Pearson
Education.( Berk, L. E, 2009).


外文部分
Allison L. Balance disorders. In：Umphred DA ( ed ). Neurological Rehabilitation,
3rded. St. Louis: Mosby, 1995; 802-37.
Bertenthal, B.I., Rose, J.L.,& Bai, D. L. ( 1997 ). Perception-action coupling in the
development of visual control of posture. Journal of Experimental
Psychology：Human Perception and Performance, 23, 1631-1643. Blanchard. Y., McVeigh. R., Graham. M., Cadet. M., Mwilambwe. K., & Scott, C.
( 2007 ). The influence of ambient lighting levels on postural sway in healthy
children. Gait and Posture, 27, 442-445.
Gallahue, D.L., & Ozmun, J.C. ( 2006 ) . Understanding Motor Development :
Infant Children, Adolescent, Adults Sixth Edition. New York：McGraw-Hill.
Gibson, E. J., & Walk, R. D. ( 1960 ) . The visual cliff. Scientific American, 202,
64-71.
Gibson, J. J. ( 1966 ). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin.
Gibson, J.J. ( 1979 ) . The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin.
Gibson. J. J. ( 1986 ) . The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (Original work published 1979)
Horak, F. B. ( 1987 ) Clinical measures of postural control in adults. Physical
Therapy, 67, 1881-1885.
Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E. ( 1993 ). Simulator Sickness Questionnaire：An Enhanced
Method for Quantifying Simulator Sickness. The International Journal of
Avlation Psychology,3(3), 203-220.
Lebiedowska, M. K., & Syczewska. M. ( 2000 ). Invariant sway properties in
children. Gait & Posture, 12, 200-204.
Lee, D.N., & Reddish, P.E. ( 1981 ) . Plummeting gannets：a paradigm of
ecological optics. Nature Publishing Group.293.
McCollum, G., & Leen, T.K. ( 1985 ). Form and exploration of medical stability
limits in erect stance. Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 21, 225-244.
Merhi, O., Faugloire, E., Flanagan, M., & Stoffregen, T. A. ( 2007 ). Motion sickness,
console video games, and head-mounted displays. Human Factors, 49,
920–934.
Oman, C. M. ( 1982 ). A heuristic mathematical model for the dynamics of sensory
conflict and motion sickness. Acta Otolaryngologica, 44(Suppl. 392).
Pan, W-W., & Chang, C-H. ( 2010 ). Console video games induced postural sway and
motion sickness. Poster presented at the 2010 International Conference on
Motor Behavior, Taitung, Taiwan.
Riccio, G. E., & Stoffregen, T. A. ( 1988 ). Affordances as constraints on the control of
stance. Human Movement Science, 7, 265–300.
Riccio, G. E., & Stoffregen, T. A. ( 1991 ). An ecological theory of motion sickness and
postural instability. Ecological Psychology, 3, 195–240.
Reason, J. T. ( 1978 ). Motion sickness adaptation: A neural mismatch model Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 71, 819-829.
Stoffregen, T. A., & Smart, L. J. ( 1998 ). Postural instability precedes motion sickness.
Brain Research Bulletin, 47, 437–448.
Stoffregen, T. A., Hettinger,L.J.,Haas, M.W., Roe,M.M.,&Smart ( 2000 ). Postural
listability and Motion Sickness in a Fixed-Base Flight Simulator. Human
Factors.3,458-469.
Stoffregen, T. A., Pagulayan, R. J., Bardy, B.G. & Hettinger, L. J. ( 2000 ). Modulating
postural control to facilitate visual performance. Human Movement Science, 19, 203-220.
Stoffregen, T. A., Faugloire, E., Yoshida, K., Flanagan, M.B., &Merhi ,O. ( 2008 ).
Motion sickness and postural sway in console video games. Human Factors, 50, 322–331.
Stoffregen, T. A., & Riccio, G. E. ( 1991 ). An ecological critique of the sensory
conflict theory of motion sickness. Ecological Psychology, 3, 159.
Strohm, A. ( 2007 ). Motion sickness: Common among gamers? Retrieved January 4,
2008,From http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/gamespotting/
021502/p7_01.html
Stanney, K. M., Salvendy, G., Deisinger, J., DiZio, P., Ellis, S., Ellision, J., et al.
( 1998 ). Aftereffects and sense of presence in virtual environments:
Formulation of a research and development agenda. International Journal of
Human-Computer Interaction, 10, 135–187.
Taguchi, k., & Tada, C. ( 1988 ). Change of body sway with growth of children. In B.
Amblard, A. Berthoz & F. Clarac ( Eds. ), Posture and gait：Development,
adaptation and modulation ( pp. 59-65 ). Amsterdam：Elsevier.
Villard, S. J., Flanagan, M. B., Albanese, G. M., & Stoffregen, T. A. ( 2008, this issue ).
Postural instability and motion sickness in a virtual moving room. Human
Factors, 50, 332–345.
Warren, W.H. ( 1984 ). Perceiving affordances：Visual guidance of stair climbing.
Journal of Experimental Psychology：Human Perception and
Performance,10, 683 -703.
Warren, W.H. & Whang, S. ( 1987 ). Visual guidance of Walking Through
Apertures：Body -Scaled Information for Affordances. Journal of
Experimental Psychology：Human Perception and Performance, 13,
371-383.