The purpose of the study is to investigate health promoting behaviors of diabetes patients in Kiribati. A descriptive and correlational study was conducted in a convenience sample of 111 adults with type II diabetes. Participants were recruited from the only diabetic clinic located in the capital atoll of Kiribati. HPLP II questionnaire was used to assess health promoting behaviors of people with type II diabetes. The results showed that participants were not engaging in health promoting behaviors on regular basis. Marital status, number of hospitalization, health in general, comorbidity, smoking history, routine measurement of blood glucose, routine taking of medication, and received advises from doctor/nurse to watch diet, lose weight, and do more exercise were significantly associated with health promoting behavior participation. The study suggested that health care professionals should develop health promoting programs that tailored to fit the individuals’ priorities, resources, culture and lifestyle.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE
ABSTRACT 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background 2
1.2 Needs for Study 3
1.3 Purpose for Study 4
1.4 Research Question 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Incidence of Diabetic 5
2.2 Health Promotion Behavior 6
2.3 Related Studies on Health Promotion Behaviors 7
2.4 Summary 10
2.5 Definitions of Concepts of Interest 11
CHAPTER 3 METHODS
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Research Design 15
3.3 Population Sample 15
3.4 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 16
3.5 Setting and Procedure 16
3.6 Measurement 17
3.7 Ethical Consideration 20
3.8 Data Collection 20
3.9 Data Analysis 21
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS
4.1 Characteristics of the Sample 23
4.2 Summary of Health Promoting Lifestyle Scores 28
4.3 Summary of Health Promoting Lifestyle Items Scores 31
4.4 Summary of Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient Estimates of HPLP 32
4.5 Summary of Pearson’s Correlation Test Results 34
4.6 Summary of T-test Results 35
4.7 Comparison Summary of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Subscales Scores 47


CHAPTER 5
5.1 DISCUSSION 50
5.2 Implication for Clinical Practice 64
5.3 Limitations of Study 67
5.4 Conclusion 69
REFERENCE LIST 70
APPENDIX
A Written Explanation and Informed Consent 81
B Demographic and Disease-related Data Form 82
C Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile (HPLP II) 85
D Data Collection Plan 90
E Letter of Approval for Utilizing Instrument 91
TABLES
Table 1 Research Questions for Investigation and Statistical Analysis 21
Table 2 – 4 Characteristics of Sample 25
Table 5 Scores of Health Promoting Lifestyle 28
Table 6 – 8 Scores of Health Promoting Lifestyle Items 29
Table 9 Reliability Estimates of the Health Promoting Lifestyle 32
Table 10 Correlation Table 34
Table 11 T-test of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Mean Scores (Gender) 36
Table 12 T-test of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Mean Scores (Work Status) 37
Table 13 T-test of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Mean Scores (Marital Status) 38
Table 14 T-test of Health Promoting and Lifestyle and Mean Scores (Comorbidity) 39
Table 15 T-test of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Mean Scores (Complications) 40
Table 16 T-test of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Mean Scores (History) 41
Table 17 T-test of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Mean (Routine Blood Glucose Measurement) 42
Table 18 T-test of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Mean Scores (Routine Taking of Medicine) 43
Table 19 T-test of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Mean Scores
(Advised to Watch Diet) 44
Table 20 T-test of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Mean Scores
(Advised to Lose Weight) 45
Table 21 T-test of HPLP and Mean Scores (Advised to Do More Exercise) 46
Table 22 Comparison of Mean Scores of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Subscales 47
FIGURES
Figure 1 Comparison of Mean Scores of Health Promoting Lifestyle
and Subscales 48
Figure 1 Comparison of Mean Scores and Health Promoting Lifestyle 49

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