臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

溫度和延遲投餵對餵食添加結晶胺基酸飼料點帶石斑的氨排泄和血中氨之影響。所有飼料配方中粗蛋白和粗脂質含量分別為47％和10％。在第一個試驗中，共有35隻石斑魚（388.1±28.3克），投餵五種不同飼料，每餐１％體重，每日兩餐。在第一次投餵後兩個小時再投餵第二次。測試三個溫度(22, 25, or 28oC)。投餵後 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16,20,及24小時採水，分析水中氨氮。結果顯示，每個飼料處理組中，溫度上升使總排氨量增加。植物性蛋白組(空白組)飼料有最高的排氨量，其次是添加結晶型胺基酸的各組別，最低的是控制組。 以相似的步驟進行第二次試驗，共42隻石斑魚（432.6±35克）投餵添加不同型式胺基酸的六種不同的飼料，每餐投餵１％體重，水溫維持28℃。其他步驟同第一個試驗。我們發現無論空白組添加脂肪保護型或結晶型賴氨酸與蛋氨酸的總排氨量與添加魚粉的飼料組(對照組)相比都沒有顯著的差異。同時，只添加脂肪保護型蛋氨酸的組別與只添加保護型賴氨酸或兩種混和的組別相比並不會降低植物性蛋白之胺基酸的利用率。
使用與第二次試驗的魚與飼料來進行第三次試驗。我們在投餵後每兩個小時測定血中氨持續24小時。所有的處理組的血中氨皆在投餵後增加。添加結晶型賴氨酸與蛋氨酸的組別有最高的血中氨。本試驗的血中氨是有浮動的。 因此，溫度與結晶型胺基酸的添加會影響總氨的排泄，而延遲投餵則無明顯影響，在植物蛋白為主的飼料中添加保護型或結晶型賴氨酸和蛋氨酸有相似的效果，未顯示明顯差異。

The effect of crystalline amino acids supplementation, delay feeding, and temperature on ammonia excretion and plasma ammonia in orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides was determined. All diets were formulated to contain 47% of and 10% of crude protein and crude lipid, respectively.
In the first experiment, a total of 35 groupers (388.1±28.3 g), which was fed five different diets, namely control, basal, CAA1, CAA2, and CAA3, at 1% of body weight with 2-meal daily, the second meal was delayed after the first meal 2 h, was reared individually in 70-L glass tank at 3 different temperature levels (22, 25, or 28oC). Water sample was collected at 0 (after feeding), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, and 24 h postprandial to analyze ammonia. The results indicated that the total ammonia excretion increased significantly with the rise of temperature in all treatments, whereas basal diet, mainly plant-based protein, had a highest concentration of ammonia excretion, followed by crystalline amino acids substitution diets, and the lowest one was in control treatment.
The similar procedure was carried out for the second trial. A total of 42 groupers (432.6±35 g) was fed six different diets, which were control, basal, Cryst., coat, Coat-L/Cryst-M, and Coat-M/Cryst-L, at 1% of body weight with only 1 meal per day at 28oC. The result introduced that the total ammonia excretion of both supplemental fat-coated lysine and methionine or crystalline lysine and methionine was no significant higher than that of fishmeal-based diet. Meanwhile, the fish, which fed the diet supplemented using fat-coated methionine and crystalline lysine, could not utilized effectively AAs from intact plant protein as compared with fat-coated lysine and crystalline methionine inclusion diet.
Using the fish and the feeds of the second experiment, third trial was conducted to determine plasma ammonia in grouper at 2 h interval for the first 12 h and 4 h interval for the last 12 h after feeding. Plasma ammonia increased immediately after meal in all treatments, which the highest point was of crystalline lysine and methionine supplementation treatment. The pattern of plasma ammonia was fluctuated during the first 12 h, and went to baseline at 20 h post feeding.
Hence, the temperature level and crystalline amino acids supplementation can influence the total ammonia excretion, while delay feeding seems to have no effect. The substitution of fat-coated and crystalline lysine and methionine had similar effectiveness on plant-based protein diet, but the supplementation of a mixture of fat-coated methionine and crystalline lysine seem to have very little positive effect on the total ammonia excretion of orange-spotted groupers.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................... i
ABSTRACT............................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................... x
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1
OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................. 4
LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 5
Taxonomic classification of and geographical distribution of Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) ..................................................... 5
Nutrient requirements of groupers ............................................................ 6
Protein requirements ................................................................................. 6
Amino acids requirement .......................................................................... 7
Researches on plant-based protein diets replacement ............................... 8
Researches on crystalline and/or coated amino acids supplementation... 10
Researches on ammonia excretion and plasma ammonia........................ 12
MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................. 16
Materials.................................................................................................. 16
Animals .................................................................................................... 16
Analytical Chemicals ............................................................................... 16
Feedstuff ingredients ............................................................................... 16
Methods ................................................................................................... 17
Experiment 1 ........................................................................................... 17
Diet formulation (Table 1) ....................................................................... 17
Effects of cleaning or not and antibiotic treating in system on ammonia excretion in 24h ....................................................................................... 18
With Fish.................................................................................................. 18
Without fish .............................................................................................. 19
Effect of temperature, delay feeding, and crystalline amino acids supplementation on ammonia excretion .................................................. 19
Experiment 2 ........................................................................................... 20
Diet formulation (Table 2) ....................................................................... 20
Effect of coated and crystalline amino acids supplementation on ammonia excretion .................................................................................................. 21
Experiment 3 ........................................................................................... 21
Diet formulation (Table 2) ....................................................................... 21
Effect of amino acid sources on plasma ammonia ................................... 21
Experiment 4 ........................................................................................... 22
Proximate composition of feed analysis ................................................... 22
Moisture .................................................................................................. 22
Crude protein .......................................................................................... 22
Crude lipid............................................................................................... 23
Ash ......................................................................................................... 24
Analysis of water ammonia...................................................................... 24
The percentage of nitrogen excretion per nitrogen retention .................. 25
Analysis of plasma ammonia ................................................................... 25
Statistical analysis.................................................................................... 26
RESULTS ................................................................................................ 27
Effects of cleaning or not and antibiotic treating in system on ammonia excretion in 24h ....................................................................................... 27
Effect of crystalline amino acids supplementation, delay feeding, and temperature on ammonia excretion......................................................... 27
Effect of fat-coated and crystalline amino acids supplementation on ammonia excretion .................................................................................. 29
Effect of fat-coated and crystalline amino acids supplementation on plasma ammonia ...................................................................................... 30
DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................................ 32
The total ammonia nitrogen lost in cleaning tank was similar to antibiotic treating aquarium.................................................................................... 32
The total ammonia nitrogen excretion increased with the rise of temperature ............................................................................................. 32
Fat-coated and crystalline AA supplementation can reduce the total ammonia nitrogen excretion in plant-based protein source diet.............. 35
Plasma ammonia concentration was fluctuated at the first 12 h post feeding ..................................................................................................... 37
The replacement of 61% of fishmeal using plant protein source caused a significant increase in the total ammonia nitrogen excretion .................. 39
The total ammonia nitrogen excretion of groupers fed 1 meal were lower than that of groupers fed 2 meals ............................................................ 41
CONCLUSION........................................................................................ 43
REFERENCES ........................................................................................ 44

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