臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以兩個實驗來探討放養密度與植酸酶處理過的乾玉米酒粕 (DDGS) 對念仔魚(Silurus asotus Linnaeus 1758)養殖的影響。二實驗的魚皆養在2,000升玻璃纖維圓桶中的 0.01 m3 的圓形箱網中並且每天餵飽食二次。實驗1在於探討成長與殘食行為。大小為18.34 ± 0.42 g的魚以每立方公尺 600、800及1,000尾的密度放養，標記為 D1、D2及D3，並且以商用飼料餵養14天。各處理間魚的終重(FW)及飼料轉換比(FCR)並無差異。D1的增重(WG)及攝食量(FI)及飼料轉換比(FCR)並無差異。D1的增重(WG)及攝食量(FI)高於而產量低於D2及D3。初始及最終密度不利於WG及FI，但增加最終密度可能會降低死亡率。攻擊性及其相關之死亡率可在D1中觀察到，但是隨著較高的密度而降低。我們並未結論出放養密度的高極限，但知道低放養密度似乎促進攻擊行為及增加殘食死亡率。實験2在於探討植酸酶以三等級添加量及兩種添加方法添加在含有DDGS的飼糧中對於念仔魚的成長、體組成及營養消化能力的影響。植酸酶的添加量為 0、1000及5000Ukg-1以後噴post-spray (PSO, PS1, PS5)，即噴在製成飼糧，或者以預處理 pretreatment (PTO, PTI, PT5)，即DDGS 在製為飼糧前先以植酸酶處理過，來添加入飼糧。另外在10週成長實驗完成後又進行了3週的消化能力研究中，飼糧中又再添加1%的Cr2O3作為惰性標記。魚大小為25.01±0.16g，放養密度為每立方公尺800尾。PT處理的魚的活存率(SR)及產量高於PS的魚。植酸酶處理的魚的FW，WG，週比成長(SGR)及FI比控制組高，但FCR及SR則不受影響。另外PT的魚在粗蛋白(CP)，灰分及磷(P)的體成分及表現觀化係數(ACDs)皆高於PS的魚。然而粗脂肪則不受影響。一般而言，植酸酶提昇了乾物質(DM)ADC，而且增高植酸酶的量同時也增加CP、灰分及P的ADC及體成分。最高劑量的植酸酶促進蛋白質效率比(PER)、蛋白質成長率(PGR)及蛋白質產值(PPV)。各營養的ADC與其體成分及蛋白質利用率皆呈正相關。植酸酶的處理可促進念仔魚的成長、蛋白質的利用及CP、灰分及P的ADC，因此在環境中的營養，尤其P的負載也相形降低。PT方法比PS方法有效。
關鍵詞：念仔魚；放養密度；DDGS；植酸酶；預處理；後噴

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of stocking density and corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) treated with phytase on Chinese catfish (Silurus asotus Linnaeus 1758). In both experiments, fish were stocked in 0.01m3 cylindrical cages accommodated in a round 2000-L fiberglass tank and fed to apparent satiation twice daily. In experiment 1, growth and cannibalistic behavior were determined. Fish (18.34±0.42 g) were stocked at 600, 800 and 1000 fish/m3 or noted as D1, D2 and D3, respectively and fed with commercial feed for 14 days. There were no differences in final body weight (FW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among treatments. Weight gain (WG) specific growth rate (SGR) and feed intake (FI) were higher and the yield lower in D1 than D2 and D3. Initial and final density both affected negatively WG and FI but the increase of the final stocking density might decrease mortality. Aggressiveness and its related mortalities were observed in D1 but decreased in higher densities. We did not conclude about the upper limit of stocking density but low density appeared to encourage aggressive behavior and increase cannibalistic mortality. In experiment 2, the effects of three supplemental levels and two methods of phytase inclusion in diets containing DDGS were determined on the growth, whole body composition and nutrients digestibility of Chinese catfish. Phytase was included at 0, 1000 and 5000 U kg-1 diet by post-spray (PS0, PS1, PS5), spray on made diet, or by pretreatment (PT0, PT1, PT5), DDGS incubated with phytase before making diets. Cr2O3 at 1% was added to the diets as an inert marker for the digestibility study conducted for 3 weeks after a 10-week growth experiment. Fish (25.01±0.16 g) were stocked at 800 per m3. Fish fed PT diets had higher survival rate (SR) and yield than those fed PS diets. Fish fed phytase treated diets had higher FW, WG, SGR and FI than the control fish but FCR and SR were not affected. In addition, PT-fish had respectively higher body content and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of crude protein (CP), ash and phosphorus (P) than PS-fish. However crude lipid was not affected. Generally, phytase improved the ADCs of dry matter (DM) and increasing phytase level also increased both ADCs and fish body content of CP, ash and P. The highest phytase level enhanced the protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein growth rate (PGR) and protein productive value (PPV). ADCs of nutrients were positively correlated with both body content of the same elements and the protein utilization parameters. It appears that phytase treatment can enhance growth, protein utilization and the ADCs of CP, ash and P in Chinese catfish. Consequently, the nutrient load especially P would be minimized. PT is more effective in our study than the PS.
Keywords: Silurus asotus Linnaeus 1758; stocking density; DDGS; phytase; pretreatment; post-spray

Acknowledgement i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents vi
List of tables x
List of figures xiii
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Chinese catfish (Silurus asotus Linnaeus, 1758) 1
1.2. Production of Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles 2
1.3. Phytase enzyme characteristics 2
1.4. Research objectives 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1. Stocking density in fish 8
2.2. Use of corn distiller’s dried grains with soluble in animal diets 8
2.3. Necessity for plant based protein sources in fish feed 9
2.4. Phytate and its negative effect 10
2.4.1. Effect on mineral uptake 10
2.4.2. Effect on protein digestibility 11
2.4.3. Effect on lipid utilization 11
2.5. The role and inclusion methods of Phytase in plant protein based diets 11
2.5.1. Role of phytase in plant protein based diets 11
2.5.2. Phytase inclusion methods 12
2.5.2.1. Phytase supplementation 12
2.5.2.2. Phytase post-spray method 12
2.5.2.3. Phytase pretreatment 12
2.6. Use of phytase as feed additives 13
2.6.1. In poultry diets 13
2.6.2. In swine diets 14
2.6.3. In aquaculture feeds 14
2.6.3.1. In tilapia feed 14
2.6.3.2. In catfish feeds 15
2.6.3.3. In the feed of other aquaculture species 15
CHAPTER 3: EFFECTS OF STOCKING DENSITY ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CANNIBALISTIC BEHAVIOR OF CHINESE CATFISH (Silurus asotus Linnaeus 1758) REARED IN CAGES 18
Abstract 18
1. Introduction 19
2. Materials and methods 20
2.1. Experimental design and set-up 20
2.2. Rearing 21
2.3. Sampling and data collection 21
2.4. Data processing 21
3. Results 23
3.1. Growth and feed efficiency 23
3.2. Survival and cannibalistic behavior 23
4. Discussion 24
5. Conclusion 26
CHAPTER 4: USE OF PHYTASE TREATED CORN DISTILLER’S DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES IN CHINESE CATFISH (Silurus asotus Linnaeus 1758) DIET 33
Abstract 33
1. Introduction 35
2. Materials and methods 36
2.1. Experimental design 36
2.2. Rearing facility set up 37
2.3. Experimental diets 37
2.3.1. Pretreatment of DDGS 37
2.3.2. Post-spay 38
2.3.3. Diets preparation 39
2.4. Fish rearing 39
2.5. Sampling and data collection 40
2.6. Chemical analysis 41
2.7. Data processing and statistical analysis 42
3. Results 44
3.1. Growth, survival and feed efficiency 44
3.2. Feed utilization and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients 45
3.2.1. Whole body composition and protein utilization 45
3.2.2. ADCs of nutrients 46
3.3. Relationship phytase and digestibility -- body composition and growth 46
4. Discussion 47
4.1. Growth, survival and feed efficiency 47
4.1.1. Phytase inclusion method effects 47
4.1.2. Phytase level effects 48
4.2. Feed utilization and Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of nutrients 50
4.2.1. Whole body composition and protein utilization 50
4.2.2. ADCs of nutrients 52
4.3. Relationship ADCs of nutrients -- body composition and growth 53
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 55
References 79

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