臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究是利用生物存活極限溫度貯藏技術，探討無水狀態下活魚運輸之可行性。以日本鰻(Anguilla japonica)和白蝦(Litopenaeus vannamei)為試驗對象，先經低溫馴養後分別觀察其在低溫以及無水狀態下運輸存活情形，並於各貯藏階段抽取血液/血淋巴，進行分析血藍素(hemocyanin)、紅血球、血紅素、葡萄糖、乳酸、水溶性蛋白、氨等含量和pH值。綜觀結果，白蝦在14 ±1oC環境下馴養，再於冷房(10oC)進行無水貯藏，發現其身長(17 ±1 cm)、體重(34 ±2 g)之體型者存活率較高。白蝦運輸之存活率略低於靜置貯藏，但仍達80%。在馴養過程中，血藍素、葡萄糖和乳酸含量都有下降的趨勢，而在貯藏8小時內，各項指標均隨貯藏時間增加而提高；經貯藏後復水，各項指標皆有下降之趨勢。但已死亡者，其血淋巴液之乳酸和氨含量分別為9.8 ±5.2和1.6 ±0.2 mmol/L，顯著高於貯藏前的1.0 ±0.6和0.2 ±0.1 mmol/L，此顯示乳酸與氨的蓄積量，可能是造成白蝦死亡的重要因子。日本鰻以PE塑膠袋(含水與氧氣)或無水的保麗龍盒包裝並貯藏在5oC下，兩者均顯示有最佳的存活時間。但無水貯藏過程中，血漿中葡萄糖、乳酸和氨含量增加，而血液中紅血球(RBC)和血紅素(HGB)則顯示下降。

摘 要 I
Abstract II
目錄 IV
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 X
壹、 前言 1
貳、 文獻整理 2
一、 低溫貯藏 2
1. 冷藏法(cold storage) 2
2. 凍結儲藏法(frozen storage) 4
3. 冰溫法(controlled freezing-point storage) 4
二、 活魚運輸 7
1. 水產品的保鮮 7
2. 活魚運輸之概念 8
3. 活魚運輸之原理 8
4. 活魚運輸之方法 9
三、 緊迫對於魚介類之影響 10
1. 魚介類之緊迫反應 10
2. 各種緊迫因子之影響 12
3. 環境緊迫對於魚介類生理的影響 15
四、 白蝦 17
1. 白蝦之生態及養殖 17
2. 白蝦產業概況 19
五、 鰻魚 20
1. 鰻魚之生態及養殖 20
2. 鰻魚魚體化學與營養組成 23
3. 鰻魚產業概況 24
參、 材料與方法 27
一、實驗材料與儀器 27
二、實驗大綱 29
三、實驗方法 30
1. 保麗龍盒 (polystyrene box) 絕熱效果試驗 30
2. 以白蝦 (Litopenaeus vannamei) 進行低溫無水貯藏之探討 30
2.1 不同馴養溫度對白蝦存活之影響 31
2.2 兩種貯藏方式對白蝦存活之影響 31
2.3 比較不同體型的白蝦之存活情形 31
2.4 血淋巴生化分析 31
2.4.1 血藍素含量分析 32
2.4.2 葡萄糖含量分析 32
2.4.3 乳酸含量分析 32
2.4.4 蛋白質含量分析 33
2.4.5 氨含量分析 33
2.4.6 pH 測定 33
2.5 活魚運輸模擬試驗 34
3. 以日本鰻 (Anguilla japonica) 進行低溫無水貯藏之探討 34
3.1 血液生化分析 34
3.1.1 紅血球個數 (RBC) 35
3.1.2 血紅素濃度 (HGB) 35
3.1.3 血容比 (HCT) 35
3.1.4 平均紅血球容積 (MCV) 36
3.1.5 平均血球血紅素 (MCH) 36
3.1.6 平均血球血紅素濃度 (MCHC) 36
3.1.7 葡萄糖含量分析 36
3.1.8 乳酸含量分析 37
3.1.9 蛋白質含量分析 37
3.1.10 氨含量分析 37
4. 統計分析 38
肆、 結果與討論 39
一、保麗龍盒 (polystyrene box) 絕熱效果試驗 39
二、以白蝦 (Litopenaeus vannamei) 進行低溫無水貯藏之探討 39
1. 不同馴養溫度對白蝦存活之影響 39
2. 兩種貯藏方式對白蝦存活之影響 40
3. 比較不同體型的白蝦之存活情形 40
4. 血淋巴生化分析 41
4.1 血藍素含量分析 41
4.2 葡萄糖含量分析 41
4.3 乳酸含量分析 42
4.4 蛋白質含量分析 43
4.5 氨含量分析 43
4.6 pH 測定 43
5. 活魚運輸模擬試驗 44
三、以日本鰻 (Anguilla japonica) 進行低溫無水貯藏之探討 45
1. 不同貯藏條件下，日本鰻存活時間之比較 45
2. 血液生化分析 45
2.1 紅血球個數 (RBC) 45
2.2 血紅素濃度 (HGB) 46
2.3 血容比 (HCT) 46
2.4 平均紅血球容積 (MCV) 47
2.5 平均血球血紅素 (MCH) 47
2.6 平均血球血紅素濃度 (MCHC) 47
2.7 葡萄糖含量分析 47
2.8 乳酸含量分析 48
2.9 蛋白質含量分析 48
2.10 氨含量分析 49
伍、 結論 50
陸、 參考文獻 51
柒、 表 63
捌、 圖 64

千田 晃。1986。鮮度を保つ總合リフト寒溫食品技術。食品と開發 21(5):16-18。
山根昭美。1982。冰溫貯藏食品の開發。日本食品工業學會誌 29(12):736-743。
山根昭美。1984a。パソ生地の冰溫熟成。食品と科學 (增刊號):97-99。
山根昭美。1984b。冰溫乾燥食品。冷凍 59(4):297-301。
山根昭美。1985。冰溫食品。ヅヤパソフードサイエソス 12:72-81。
中華民國水產種苗協會。活魚運輸方法與管理。2010年6月25日下載。http://www.fish.org.tw/chinese/magazine/magazine-55a.htm..
台灣冰溫生科有限公司。台灣。資料於 2010年5月22日下載。
http://www.taiwan-hyo-on.com/new_page1.htm.
行政院農業委員會漁業署。2010。行政院農業委員會漁業署 2009 年年報。行政院農業委員會漁業署。高雄。
李才根。1999。海鰻暫養和活運技術。養魚世界 3:83-84。
沈佩穎。2007。飼料類型對養殖鰻魚 (Anguilla japonicus) 成長期間化學組成與品質之影響。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文。基隆。
林欣榜。1987。冰溫食品加工。食品工業 19(2):30-38。
邱敏恒。1997。罹病烏魚鰓脂氧合酶之特性。國立台灣海洋大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。基隆。.
夏翠鳳。2008。全球鰻魚出口岌岌可危。國際漁業資訊 193:24-26。
涂智欽。2001。嗜水性產氣單胞菌對虹鱒之致病機制研究。國立台灣海洋大學水產養殖學系研究所碩士論文。基隆。.
張士軒。2002。冰溫技術在漁產品之應用及發展性。潮訊 159:10-11。
許俊堯。1998。重組鰻魚生長激素之表現、純化與生物活性測定。國立臺灣海洋大學水產養殖學系碩士論文。基隆。.
郭 河。1994。鰻魚基本生物學，養鰻透視 (郭河編)。水產出版社:25-26。
陳孟杰。1997。臺灣日本鰻與美洲鰻養殖之生產經濟分析。國立臺灣海洋大學漁業經濟研究所碩士論文。基隆。.
陳建中。2005。台灣水產加工發展策略之研究。國立中山大學社會科學院高階公共政策碩士學程碩士在職專班碩士論文。高雄。.
陳樹功。1990。食品衛生安全。行政院衛生署公共衛生研究所。
曾萬年。1986。臺灣沿岸鰻線資源及生態。中國水產 404:19-24。
曾萬年。1994。歐洲鰻與美洲鰻資源量的變化。中國水產 504:63-69。
曾萬年。1997。臺灣的鰻魚資源及產業。生物產業 8:49-52。
黃永森。2000。魚類生殖研究的新發展以鰻魚為例。養魚世界 277(3):46-50。
黃瀚瑩。2010。鰻線哪裡去?揭開鰻線捕獲量驟減的神祕面紗。漁業推廣 281:26。
劉朝鑫，劉雅方和郭宗甫。1995。養鰻池細菌抗藥性之研究，魚病研究專輯。農委會漁業特刊 53(16):61-65。
鄭鈺霖。2009。專題報導：超低溫鮪魚漸受消費者歡迎。國際漁業資訊 198:55-57。
蕭永慶。2006。船舶活魚運送之研究。國立臺灣海洋大學通訊與導航工程學系碩士論文。基隆。
賴滋漢，金安兒和柯文慶。2007。食品加工學(保藏篇)。富林出版社。
聯合國糧農組織。2002-2006。魚類統計資料庫。聯合國糧食農業組織。羅馬。
謝淑玲。2002。虱目魚和草魚在低溫刺激下之生理反應及調適研究。國立台灣大學漁業科學研究所博士論文。台北。.
鍾忠勇和陳化治。1973。食品冷凍之原理與加工。食品工業 117-119。
Alique R, Zamorano JP, Martinez MA & Alonso J. 2005. Effect of heat and cold treatments on respiratory metabolism and shelf-life of sweet cherry, type picota cv "Ambrunes". Postharvest Biol Tec 35(2):153-165.
Arai S. 1985. Contents of ninhydrin reactive substances in various tissues of the eel Anguilla anguilla. Bull. Natl. Inst. Aquaculture 7:45-58.
Aroua S, Schmitz M, Baloche S, Vidal B, Rousseau K & Dufour S. 2005. Endocrine evidence that silvering, a secondary metamorphosis in the eel, is a pubertal rather than a metamorphic event. Neuroendocrinology 82(3-4):221-232.
Barton BA. 2000. Salmonid fishes differ in their cortisol and glucose responses to handling and transport stress. N Am J Aquacult 62(1):12-18.
Barton BA, Morgan JD & Vijayan MM. 2002. Physiological and condition-related indicators of environmental stress in fish. Chapter 4 in S.M. Adams(Eds). Biological Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. In press.
Barton BA & Zitzow RE. 1995. Physiological-Responses of Juvenile Walleyes to Handling Stress with Recovery in Saline Water. Prog Fish Cult 57(4):267-276.
Bell MV, Henderson RJ & Sargent JR. 1986. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 85:271-280.
Bonga SEW. 1997. The stress response in fish. Physiol Rev 77(3):591-625.
Bowden LA, Restall CJ & Rowley AF. 1996. The influence of environmental temperature on membrane fluidity, fatty acid composition and lipoxygenase product generation in head kidney leucocytes of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp Biochem Phys B 115(3):375-382.
Bubner EJ, Harris JO & Bolton TF. 2009. Supplementary oxygen and temperature management during live transportation of greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata (Donovan, 1808). Aquac Res 40(7):810-817.
Carneiro PCF & Urbinati EC. 2002. Transport stress in matrinxa, Brycon cephalus (Teleostei : Characidae), at different densities. Aquacult Int 10(3):221-229.
Castle DHJ & Williamson GR. 1974 On the validity of the freshwater eel species. Angauilla ancestralis Ege,from Celebes.
Cech JJ, Bartholow SD, Young PS & Hopkins TE. 1996. Striped bass exercise and handling stress in freshwater: Physiological responses to recovery environment. T Am Fish Soc 125(2):308-320.
Chang ES. 2005. Stressed-out lobsters: Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone and stress proteins. Integr Comp Biol 45(1):43-50.
Chen JC & Cheng SY. 1998. Acid-base balance, ammonia and lactate level in the haemolymph of Penaeus japonicus during aerial exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 121(3):257-262.
Chen JC, Lin MN, Ting YY & Lin JN. 1995. Survival, haemolymph osmolality and tissue water of Penaeus chinensis juveniles acclimated to different salinities and temperature levels. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. part A 110:253-258.
Chen WH, Sun LT, Tsai CL, Song YL & Chang CF. 2002. Cold-stress induced the modulation of catecholamines, cortisol, immunoglobulin M, and leukocyte phagocytosis in tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 126(1):90-100.
Cheng WT, Liu CH & Kuo CM. 2003. Effects of dissolved oxygen on hemolymph parameters of freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). Aquaculture 220(1-4):843-856.
Chiu HT, Yeh SP, Huang SC, Chang CC, Kuo CM & Cheng W. 2006. Dopamine induces transient modulation of the physiological responses of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 251(2-4):558-566.
Choi JH, Thim CH, Choi YJ, Byun DS, Kim CM & Oh SK. 1986. Comparative study on protein and amino acid composition of wild and cultured eel. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc. 19:60-66.
Colt JE & Armstrong DA. 1981. Nitrogen toxicity to crustaceans, fish, and mollusks. In L.J. Allen and E.C. Kinney (Eds.):34-37. Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society. Bethesda. Maryland. USA.
DeFur PL, Pease A, Siebelink A & Elfers S. 1988. Respiratory responses of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, to emersion. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Physiol. 89(1):97-101.
Degani G, Hahamu H & Levanon D. 1986. The relationship of eel Anguilla anguilla body size, lipid, protein, glucose, ash, moisture composition and enzyme activity (aldolase). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84(A):739-746.
Deleo GA & Gatto M. 1995. A Size and Age-Structured Model of the European Eel (Anguilla-Anguilla L). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 52(7):1351-1367.
Dhillon AS & Maurer AJ. 1975. Stability study of comminuted poultry meats in frozen storage. Poultry Science 54(5):1407-1414.
Duun AS & Rustad T. 2008. Quality of superchilled vacuum packed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets stored at -1.4 and -3.6 degrees C. Food Chem 106(1):122-131.
Erikson U, Sigholt T & Seland A. 1997. Handling stress and water quality during live transportation and slaughter of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 149(3-4):243-252.
FAO. 2010. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Italy.
Felberg RA, Krieger DW, Chuang R, Persse DE, Burgin WS, Hickenbottom SL, Morgenstern LB, Rosales O & Grotta JC. 2001. Hypothermia after cardiac arrest - Feasibility and safety of an external cooling protocol. Circulation 104(15):1799-1804.
Fotedar S & Evans L. 2011. Health management during handling and live transport of crustaceans: A review. J Invertebr Pathol 106(1):143-152.
Fotedar S, Evans L & Jones B. 2006. Effect of holding duration on the immune system of western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus. Comp Biochem Phys A 143(4):479-487.
Fotedar S, Tsvetnenko E & Evans L. 2001. Effect of air exposure on the immune system of the rock lobster Panulirus cygnus. Mar Freshwater Res 52(8):1351-1355.
Graham MS & Fletcher GL. 1985. On the low viscosity blood of two cold water, marine sculpins. J. Comp. Physiol. 155:455.
Greer DM. 2006. Hypothermia for cardiac arrest. Curr Neurol Neurosci 6(6):518-524.
Guo L, Ma Y, Sun DW & Wang P. 2008. Effects of controlled freezing-point storage at 0 degrees C on quality of green bean as compared with cold and room-temperature storages. J Food Eng 86(1):25-29.
Hagerman L & Pihl Baden S. 1988. Nephrops norvegicus: field study of effects of oxygen deficiency on haemocyanin concentration. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 116(2):135-142.
Hall MR & van Ham EH. 1998. The effects of different types of stress on blood glucose in the giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon. J World Aquacult Soc 29(3):290-299.
Harmon TS. 2009. Methods for reducing stressors and maintaining water quality associated with live fish transport in tanks: a review of the basics. Rev Aquacult 1(1):58-66.
Hemmingsen AKT. 2002. Quality of fresh foods. PhD Thesis. Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering (pp. IX, 26, [86]). Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
Holman JD, Burnett KG & Burnett LE. 2004. Effects of hypercapnic hypoxia on the clearance of Vibrio campbelli in the Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus rathbun. Biol Bull-Us 206(3):188-196.
Huidobro A, Lopez-Caballero M & Mendes R. 2002. Onboard processing of deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) with liquid ice: effect on quality. Eur Food Res Technol 214:469-475.
Hunter DA & Uglow RF. 1998. Setal development and moult staging in the shrimp Crangon crangon (L.) (Crustacea : Decapoda : Crangonidae). Ophelia 49(3):195-209.
Innes AJ. 1986. Haemolymph acid-base status of the stalked barnacle Calantica spinosa. New Zeal J Mar Fresh 20:139-145.
Kiko R, Werner I & Wittmann A. 2009. Osmotic and ionic regulation in response to salinity variations and cold resistance in the Arctic under-ice amphipod Apherusa glacialis. Polar Biol 32(3):393-398.
Kleinholz LH & Little BC. 1949. Studies in the Regulation of Blood-Sugar Concentration in Crustaceans. I. Normal Values and Experimental Hyperglycemia in Libinia Emarginata. Biol Bull-Us 96(3):218-227.
Knoph MB. 1996. Gill ventilation frequency and mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) exposed to high ammonia levels in seawater. Water Res 30(4):837-842.
Kubokawa K, Watanabe T, Yoshioka M & Iwata M. 1999. Effects of acute stress on plasma cortisol, sex steroid hormone and glucose levels in male and female sockeye salmon during the breeding season. Aquaculture 172(3-4):335-349.
Labuza TP, Levine AS & Morley JE. 1985. Food technology. A primer for physicians. N Engl J Med 312(10):628-634.
Le Moullac G & Haffner P. 2000. Environmental factors affecting immune responses in Crustacea. Aquaculture 191(1-3):121-131.
Lee KK, Yu SR, Chen FR, Yang TI & Liu PC. 1996. Virulence of Vibrio alginolyticus isolated from diseased tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. Curr Microbiol 32(4):229-231.
Levitt J. 1980. Responses of plants to environmental stress. Academic Press. New York. USA.
Liao IC. 1989. Penaeus monodon culture in Taiwan：Through two decades of growth. Int. J. Aq. Fish. Technol. 1:16-24.
Lie O, Hemre GI & Lambertsen G. 1990. A comparison of the composition of cultured and wild caught European eel (Anguilla anguilla) particularly regarding lipids. Fiskeridir. Skr., Ser. Ernaering. 3:3-11.
Lightner DV, Hedrick RP, Fryer JL, Chen SN, Liao IC & Kou GH. 1987. A survery of cultured penaeid shrimp in Taiwan for viral and other important diseases. Fish Pathol. 22:127-140.
Liu PC, Lee KK, Yii KC, Kou GH & Chen SN. 1996. Isolation of Vibrio harveyi from diseased prawn Penaeus joponicus. Curr. Microbiol. 33:129-132.
Lo CF, Ho CH, Peng SE, Chen CH, Hsu HC, Chiu YL, Chang CF, Liu KF, Su MS, Wang CH & Kou GH. 1996. White spot syndrome baculovirus (WSSV) detection in cultured and other arthropods. Dis. Aquat. Org. 27:215-225.
Lorenzon S, Giulianini PG, Libralato S, Martinis M & Ferrero EA. 2008. Stress effect of two different transport systems on the physiological profiles of the crab Cancer pagurus. Aquaculture 278(1-4):156-163.
Lorenzon S, Giulianini PG, Martinis M & Ferrero EA. 2007. Stress effect of different temperatures and air exposure during transport on physiological profiles in the American lobster Homarus americanus. Comp Biochem Phys A 147(1):94-102.
Maathuis MHJ, Leuvenink HGD & Ploeg RJ. 2007. Perspectives in organ preservation. Transplantation 83(10):1289-1298.
Magnussen OM, Haugland A, Hemmingsen AKT, Johansen S & Nordtvedt TS. 2008. Advances in superchilling of food - Process characteristics and product quality. Trends Food Sci Tech 19(8):418-424.
Mizuno A, Matsui M, Sasaki T, Mochizuki Y, Miyamoto N & Yata Y. 1990. Effect of controlled freezing-point storage of heartscombined effect of controlled freezing-point storage and verapamil. Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi 38:1145-1151.
Morgan JD & Iwama GK. 1997. Measurements of stressed states in the filed. Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture, Iwama, G.K., A.D. Pickering, J.P. Sumpter and C.B. Schreck (Eds.):247-268. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Nelson DL & Cox MM. 2000a. Integration and hormonal regulation of mammalian metabolism. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry:894-895. New York. USA
Nelson DL & Cox MM. 2000b. Integration and hormonal regulation of mammalian metabolism. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry:882-883. New York. USA
Otwell WS & Rickards WL. 1981. Cultured and wild American eels Anguilla rostrata fat content and fatty acid composition. Aquaculture 26:67-76.
Pérez Farfante I & Kensley BF. 1997. Penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world, keys and diagnoses for the Families and Genera. Mém. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 175:1-233.
Pickering AD. 1981. Introduction: The concept of biological stress. in Stress and Fish, A.D. Pickering（Eds.）:1-10. Academic Press, London and New York.
Pottinger TG & Carrick TR. 1999. A comparison of plasma glucose and plasma cortisol as selection markers for high and low stress-responsiveness in female rainbow trout. Aquaculture 175(3-4):351-363.
Pronk P. 2006. Fluidized Bed Heat Exchangers to Prevent Fouling in Ice Slurry Systems and Industrial Crystallizers. Delft University of Technology.
Randall DJ & Tsui TKN. 2002. Ammonia toxicity in fish. Mar Pollut Bull 45(1-12):17-23.
Ridgway ID, Taylor AC, Atkinson R, Stentiford GD, Chang ES, Chang SA & Neil DM. 2006. Morbidity and mortality in Norway lobsters, Nephrops norvegicus: physiological, immunological and pathological effects of aerial exposure. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 328(2):251-264.
Rodríguez O, Barros-Velázquez J, Piñeiro C, Gallardo J & Aubourg S. 2006. Effects of storage in slurry ice on the microbial, chemical and sensory quality and on the shelf life of farmed turbot (Psetta maxima). Food Chem 95:270-278.
Rodríguez O, Losada V, Aubourg S & Barros-Velázquez J. 2004. Enhanced shelf-life of chilled European hake (Merluccius merluccius) stored in slurry ice as determined by sensory analysis and assessment of microbiological activity. Food Res Int 37:749-757.
Rosenberry B. 1999. World Shrimp Farming 1999. Annual report, Shrimp News International, San Diego, California, USA.
Sadler J, Wells RMG, Pankhurst PM & Pankhurst NW. 2000. Blood oxygen transport, rheology and haematological responses to confinement stress in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquaculture 184(3-4):349-361.
Samet M, Nakamura K & Nagayama T. 1996. Tolerance and respiration of the prawn (Penaeus japonicus) under cold air conditions. Aquaculture 143(2):205-214.
Sanchez A, Pascual C, Sanchez A, Vargas-Albores F, Le Moullac G & Rosas C. 2001. Hemolymph metabolic variables and immune response in Litopenaeus setiferus adult males: the effect of acclimation. Aquaculture 198:13-28.
Schmitt ASC & Uglow RF. 1998. Metabolic responses of Nephrops norvegicus to progressive hypoxia. Aquat Living Resour 11(2):87-92.
Schmitz O, Greuel E & Pfeffer E. 1984. Digestibility of crude protein and organic matter of potential sources of dietary protein for eels (Anguilla anguilla). Aquaculture 41:21-30.
Shawyer M & Medina PAF. 2003. The use of ice on small fishing vessels. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Song YL, Cheng W & Wang CH. 1993. Isolation and characterization of Vibrio damsela infectious for cultured shrimp in Taiwan. J. Invert. Pathol. 61:24-31.
Speed SR, Baldwin J, Wong RJ & Wells RMG. 2001. Metabolic characteristics of muscles in the spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii, and responses to emersion during simulated live transport. Comp Biochem Phys B 128(3):435-444.
Spicer JI, Hill AD, Taylor AC & Strang RHC. 1990. Effect of aerial exposure on concentrations of selected metabolites in the blood of the Norwegian lobster Nephrops norvegicus (Crustacea: Nephropidae). Mar Biol 105(1):129-135.
Suyama M, Suzuki T, Maruyama M & Satio K. 1970. Determination of carnosine, anserine, and balenine in the muscle of animal. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish 36:1048-1053.
Suzuki T, Hirano T & Suzuki T. 1990. Distribution of extractive nitrogenous constituents in white and dark muscles of fresh-water fish. Comp.Biochem. Phsiol. 96(B):107-111.
Swanson C. 1996. Early development of milkfish: effects of salinity on embryonic and larval metabolism, yolk absorption and growth. J. Fish Biol. 48:405-421.
Swanson C, Mager RC, Doroshov SI & Cech JJ. 1996. Use of salts, anesthetics, and polymers to minimize handling and transport mortality in delta smelt. T Am Fish Soc 125(2):326-329.
Tang S, Thorarensen H, Brauner CJ, Wood CM & Farrell AP. 2009. Modeling the accumulation of CO2 during high density, re-circulating transport of adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, from observations aboard a sea-going commercial live-haul vessel. Aquaculture 296(1-2):102-109.
Tu C, Huang HT, Chuang SH, Hsu JP, Kuo ST, Li NJ, Hsu TL, Li MC & Lin SY. 1999. Taura syndrome in Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei cultured in Taiwan. Dis Aquat Organ 38(2):159-161.
Tuurala H, Egginton S & Soivio A. 1998. Cold exposure increases branchial water-blood barrier thickness in the eel. J Fish Biol 53(2):451-455.
Tzeng GH & Tsaur SH. 1993. Application of multicriteria decision making to old vehicle elimination in Taiwan. Energy and Environment 40(3):265-283.
Vøllestad LA & Jonsson B. 1988. A 13-year study of the population dynamics and growth of the European eel Anguilla anguilla in a Norwegian river: evidence for density-dependent mortality, and development of a model for predicting yield. J Anim Ecol 57:983-997.
vanRaaij MTM, Pit DSS, Balm PHM, Steffens AB & vandenThillart GEEJM. 1996. Behavioral strategy and the physiological stress response in rainbow trout exposed to severe hypoxia. Horm Behav 30(1):85-92.
Varsamos S, Flik G, Pepin JF, Bonga SEW & Breuil G. 2006. Husbandry stress during early life stages affects the stress response and health status of juvenile sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish Shellfish Immun 20:83-96.
Wedemeyer GA. 1997. Effects of rearing conditions on the health and physiological quality of fish in intensive culture. In: Iwama GW, Pickering AD, Sumpter JP, Schreck CB (eds) Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture:35-72. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Yuan XD, Theruvath AJ, Ge XP, Floerchinger B, Jurisch A, Garcia-Cardena G & Tullius SG. 2010. Machine perfusion or cold storage in organ transplantation: indication, mechanisms, and future perspectives. Transplant Int 23(6):561-570.