臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究採質性及量化方式探討及比較中、外籍英語教師在高低程度班級使用之課室互動策略之異同。研究對象為新北市某私立國小某班六年級學生以及中外籍英語教師各一名。研究者對此班(含較高程度及較低程度兩組各15人)進行兩個月的上課錄影。並將收集來的資料先進行謄寫及編碼，然後以CLAN程式進行語料分析。此外，學生需填寫一份內容關於中、外籍英語教師教學的問卷，而兩名老師則是分別接受關於課式互動策略使用於較高級數與較低級數的訪談。
量化資料的結果顯示中、外籍教師的確在課室互動策略的使用上有某些異
同。兩者在自我重複(self repetitions)、其他重複(other repetitions)以及延伸(expansions)等策略使用上，均有隨學生英語能力增加而增加互動話語的現象；然而，兩者在確認(confirmation checks)、理解性確認(comprehension checks) 、以及澄清式問題(clarification requests)等策略中則是隨學生程度增加而有減少互動話語的現象。
以互動策略中語詞的複雜度而言，結果指出外籍教師會隨著學生英文程度增
加而加深與學生互動時語言的複雜度；然而，中師則無論在較高或較低級數，其均保持著相當高的語言複雜度，甚至其在低級數的語言複雜度表現幾乎都是高過另一名外師的。
從問卷結果看來，較高程度學生對中外籍教師的教學並無明顯偏好,然而較
低程度學生則較偏好中籍教師的教學。且其認為中籍英語教師跟學生的互動關係較良好，並特別指出中籍教師在能夠以中文解釋難懂的文法方面對學生很有助益。教師訪談亦顯示此兩名中、外籍英語教師對課室互動策略的想法的確會影響其在教不同程度班級時話語量的多寡以及話語的複雜度。本研究最後提出在英語教學上進一步的相關建議，以供未來研究做為參考。

The purpose of this study is to examine the use of interaction features by a native English speaking teacher and a non-native English speaking teacher in higher-proficiency and lower proficiency classes of sixth graders in New Taipei City, and to compare their similarities and differences through quantitative and qualitative methods. The researcher video-recorded class activities of the two classes during the period of 2 months with two cameras. The data collected were then transcribed and encoded for the computing program, CLAN. In addition, all the students of both groups were asked to fill out a questionnaire to indicate their perceptions of the class taught by the NEST and the NNEST. Meanwhile, the NEST and the NNEST had an interview to report their self-awareness on the use of interactional features in both
higher and lower proficiency classes.
The quantitative result showed some similarities and differences to some extent in the use of interactional features between the NEST and the NNEST. In terms of token occurrences for both the NEST and the NNEST, there was an increase in the use of “self repetitions”, “other repetitions”, and “expansions”, but a decrease in
“confirmation checks”, “comprehension checks”, and “clarification requests” as students’ proficiency grew. As to type-token ratio, for the NEST, it indicated that there was a general tendency towards greater variety for students with higher proficiency. However, for the NNEST, it showed that the NNEST’s TTR sustained to be quite high whether in the lower or higher proficiency group. In addition, the NNEST’s TTR in the lower proficiency group was almost all the way higher than the NEST’s.
Based on the qualitative results gained from the questionnaire, students in the higher proficiency class didn’t showed significant preference between the NEST and the NNEST. However, students in the lower proficiency preferred the NNEST’s teaching to the NEST’s. In addition, the NNEST was reported to have better relationship with their students and to be more helpful through using Mandarin
Chinese to explain grammar when necessary.
According to the interview, the NEST and the NNEST revealed their self-awareness about the use of interaction features, which were reflected in the
variations of token frequency and type-token ratio (TTR) in different proficiency groups. Pedagogical implications were drawn from the results of the present study,
with the directions for future studies suggested.

Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Background of the research………………………..……………….1
1.2 Purposes and research questions of the study…………………….............5
1.3 Significance of the study……………………………………………………7
1.4 Definition of terms………………………………………………………..7
1.5 Organization of the thesis……………………………………………10
Chapter 2 Literature Review……………………………………………...13
2.1 Native and Non-Native English Speaking Teachers……………………13
2.1.1 NNEST’s strengths and weaknesses………………………………15
2.1.2 NEST’s strengths and weaknesses…….………………………….16
2.2 Interactional features of teacher talk………………………………..18
2.3 Studies on type-token ratio (TTR) between NESTs and NNESTs……..…25
2.4 Studies on students’ perceptions towards NESTs and NNESTs.………. 29
Chapter 3 Methodology……………………………………………………..…...33
3.1 Research framework………………………………………………………33
3.2 Participants and teaching context………………………………………..34
3.2.1 The students and teaching context………………………………….35
3.2.2 NEST’s background and work experience……...…………………36
3.2.3 NNEST’s background and work experience……………………….37
3.3 Instruments………………………………………………………………37
3.3.1 Classroom observations……………………………………………38
3.3.2 Questionnaire………………………………………………………38
3.3.3 Interviews………………………………………………………..41
3.4 Procedure……………………………………………………………41
3.5 Transcription and coding system…….……………………………..44
3.6 Data analysis………………………………………………………...47
Chapter 4 Results………………………………………………………………..49
4.1 NEST’s use of interactional features as a function of EFL students’
proficiency…………….…………………..………. ……………….……49
4.1.1 Token…………….………………………………………….……49
4.1.2 TTR …………….……………………………………………......52
4.2 NNEST’s use of interactional feature as a function of EFL students’
proficiency…………………………………….........................................544.2.1 Token………………………………………..................................54
4.2.2 TTR ……………………………………………………...............56
4.3 The comparison of the NEST’s and the NNEST’s use of interactional
features.....................................................................................................58
4.3.1 Token…………………………………………………………....58
4.3.2 TTR …………………………………………………………….61
4.4 Teacher’s self-awareness on the use of interactional features…...………64
4.5 Students’ perceptions towards the NEST and the NNEST…………...….70
Chapter 5 Discussion and conclusion………………………..…………………..79
5.1 Discussion of the main findings in this study…….…………..…………79
5.1.1 The NEST’s token frequency and TTR of interactional features.79
5.1.2 The NNEST’s token frequency and TTR of interactional features
…………………………………………………………………………..82
5.1.3 Comparison of the NEST’s and the NNEST’s interactional
features………………………………………………………………….84
5.1.4 The NEST’s and the NNEST’s self-awareness on interactional
features………………………………………………………………….86
5.1.5 Students’ perceptions towards the NEST and the NNESTs…… 88
5.2 Pedagogical implications………………………………………………...91
5.3 Limitations and suggestions for future studies………………………….94
Reference……………………………………………………………………………..95
Appendices………………………………………………………………………...105
Appendix A Questionnaire for students…………..…………………………105
Appendix B Questions for interview……………..…….……………………108
Appendix C Sample transcription and results of TTR of the NEST’s interactional features in the lower proficiency group………………………….111
Appendix D Sample transcription and results of TTR of the NEST’s
interactional features in the higher proficiency group…………………..……. 118
Appendix E Sample transcription and results of TTR of the NNEST’s interactional features in the lower proficiency group………………………….124
Appendix F Sample transcription and results of TTR of the NNEST’s
interactional features in the higher proficiency group…………………………130

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