本研究目的在探討優秀大專男子棒球選手不同守備位置的身體組成、爆發力及等速肌力之差異。方法：中國文化大學甲組棒球隊26名選手為研究對象，依不同守備位置分成三組（投手組10名、內野手組9名、外野手組7名），進行身體組成、爆發力（30公尺衝刺、CMJ垂直跳）及上、下肢等速肌力測試（膝關節、肘關節伸展及屈曲與肩關節90°外展內旋及外旋，角速度設定在300°/S、180°/S、60°/S）。所得資料以獨立樣本單因子變異數（one – way ANOVA）分析。結果：投手的肩關節外旋角速度60°/ S的平均動力達顯著高於內野手與外野手組 (36.03±6.04、31.15±5.7、27.92±6.23 watts, p < .05)。其他測驗項目雖在統計上並無顯著差異，但身體組成與爆發力及等速肌力之間皆有達顯著相關。結論：守備位置中以投手的肩關節平均動力優於其他守備位置。建議教練在訓練計畫的規畫中，可將不同守備位置的選手身體組成、爆發力與等速肌力的數值量化後，觀察並評估選手在訓練計畫中的經濟性。

The aim of this study was compare different fielding positions of elite college baseball male players on body composition, power and isokinetic strength. Methods: The subjects were 26 Chinese Culture University baseball players, and according to different fielding positions the subjects were divided into three groups (10 pitchers, 9 infielders and 7 outfielders). The body composition, power (30 Public foot sprint, CMJ vertical jump) and upper and lower extremity isokinetic strength were tested. The isokinetic strength test included knee, elbow extension and flexion and shoulder abduction 90° internal rotation and external rotation, and the angle velocity was set at 300°/S, 180°/S and 60°/S. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (independent samples). Results: at 60°/S angle velocity, the shoulder external rotation of pitchers had higher average power than infielders and outfielders (pitchers: 36.03±6.04, infielders:31.15±5.7, outfielders:27.92±6.23,watts p<.05). Although there were no significant differences at other measurements, this study found significant correlation between body composition, isokinetic muscle strength and power. Conclusions: the pitcher had higher average power at shoulder external rotation than other fielding positions. It could be suggested that the coach should measure body composition, isokinetic muscle strength and power at different fielding positions during train program and then to estimate the economy.

目 次
中文摘要I
英文摘要II
謝 誌III
目次IV
表次.V
圖次VII
附錄VIII
第壹章 緒論1
第一節 研究背景1
第二節 研究目的6
第三節 名詞操作型定義7
第四節 研究假設8
第五節 研究範圍9
第六節 研究限制9
第貳章 文獻探討10
第一節 不同守備位置技術之探討10
第二節 不同守備位置身體組成之探討14
第三節 不同守備位置爆發力之探討17
第四節 不同守備位置等速肌力之探討18
第參章 研究方法與步驟24
第一節 研究對象與實驗地點24
第二節 實驗方法與程序24
第三節 儀器設備24
第四節 實驗設計及流程25
第五節 資料設計與統計分析29
第肆章 結 果30
第一節 不同守備位置身體組成及爆發力之描述性統計30
第二節 不同守備位置下肢等速肌力之分析 34
第三節 不同守備位置上肢等速肌力之分析40
第四節 不同守備位置上肢等速肌力之分析52
第伍章 討論與結論58
第一節 不同守備位置身體組成及爆發力之差異58
第二節 不同守備位置下肢等速肌力之差異64
第三節 不同守備位置上肢等速肌力之差異67
第六章 結論與建議70
引用文獻72
中文部分72
英文部分72

引用文獻
中文部分
王順正（1991）。棒球投手不同投球動作加速期的生物力學分析。未出版碩士論，文國立台灣師範大學，台北市。
王人生、何國龍、林勁宏、陳九州、羅仁駿、余思賢（2010）。大專運動員之體型與胰島素敏感度特性。大專體育學刊，12(3)，106-112。
石罕池、顏克典、相子元（2006）。不同項目選手下肢動力特性之探討。大專體育學刊，8 (1)，165-173。
吳慧君（2005）。運動表現的生理學評定。台北市：師大書苑。
呂怡靜、張志仲、陳惠妹、林榮豐、陳順勝（2000）。大專學生脂等速肌力與體脂肪分析。高雄醫誌，16(10): 517-524.
林正常（2002）。運動科學與訓練。台北市：銀禾文化。
林正常、黃勝裕、陳重佑（1999）。蹲踞跳與下蹲跳之垂直跳躍指標與等速肌力相關之探討。體育學報，27，91-98。
林基豐（2007）。大專甲組棒球隊專項期與比賽期運動表現之探討。未出版碩士論文，國立體育學院，桃園縣。
林國輝（1979）。棒球運動之戰略研究。台中：霧峰出版社印行。
林敏政、郭志輝、莊林貴、高英傑（1997）。台北體育學院棒球運動員心電圖、
血液以及身體組成與體能之調查報告。北體學報，6，1-15。
高英傑（1998）。棒球。未出版碩士論文，國立體育學院，桃園縣。
莊林貴、陳九州、陳志中、鄭鴻文、官文炎（2000）。青棒投手不同投球法之投
球速度與下肢等速肌力的相關性之研究。北體學報，7，159-166。
陳九州、蘇雄飛、林敏政、高英傑（1993）。棒球投手上肢等速肌力與投球球速之相關性探討。北體學報，2，197-226。
英文部分
Al-Hazzaa, H. M., Almuzaini, K. S., Al-Refaee, S. A., Sulaiman, M. A., Dafterdar, M. Y., Al-Ghamedi, A., et al. (2001). Aerobic and anaerobic power characteristics of Saudi elite soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physiology Fitness,41(1), 54-61.
Bartlett, L. R., Storey, M. D., & Simons, B. D. (1989). Measurement of upperextremity torque production and its relationship to throwing speed in the competitive athlete. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 17(1), 89-91.
Bale, P. (1991). Anthropometric, body composition and performance variables of young elite female basketball players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 31(2), 173-177.
Baltaci, G., Johnson, R., & Kohl, H., 3rd. (2001). Shoulder range of motion characteristics in collegiate baseball players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physiolcal Fitness, 41(2), 236-242.
Bissas, A. I., & Havenetidis, K. (2008). The use of various strength-power tests as predictors of sprint running performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 48(1), 49-54.
Brodie, D., Moscrip, V., & Hutcheon, R. (1998). Body composition measurement: a review of hydrodensitometry, anthropometry, and impedance methods. Nutrition, 14(3), 296-310.
Chevalier, S., Saoud, F., Gray-Donald, K., & Morais, J. A. (2008). The Physical Functional capacity of frail elderly persons undergoing ambulatory rehabilitation is related to their nutritional status. Journal Nutrition and Health Aging, 12(10), 721-726.
Cometti, G., Maffiuletti, N. A., Pousson, M., Chatard, J. C., & Maffulli, N. (2001). Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power of elite, subelite and amateur French soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(1), 45-51.
Costill, D. L., Fink, W. J., & Pollock, M. L. (1976). Muscle fiber composition and enzyme activities of elite distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 8(2), 96-100.
Clement, A. S. Ginn, K. A., & Henly, E. (2001). Correlation between muscle strength and throwing speed in adolescent baseball players. Physical Therapy in Sports, 2 (3).123-131.
Cramer, J. T., Housh, T. J., Johnson, G. O., Weir, J. P., Beck, T. W., & Coburn, J. W. (2007). An acute bout of static stretching does not affect maximal eccentric isokinetic peak torque, the joint angle at peak torque, mean power,
electromyography, or much an omyography. Journal of Orthopaedic & SportsPhysical Therapy, 37(3), 130-139.
Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E. E., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2004). Practical markers of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during exercise: rationale and a case for affect-based exercise prescription. Preview Medicine, 38(2), 149-159.
Ellenbecker, T. S., & Mattalino, A. J. (1997). Concentric isokinetic shoulder internal and external rotation strength in professional baseball pitchers. Journal Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 25(5), 323-328.
Eston, R. G., Finney, S., Baker, S., & Baltzopoulos, V. (1996). Muscle tenderness and peak torque changes after downhill running following a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric exercise. Journal of Sports Science, 14(4), 291-299.
Gaida, J. E., Cook, J. L., Bass, S. L., Austen, S., & Kiss, Z. S. (2004). Are unilateral and bilateral patellar tendinopathy distinguished by differences in anthropometry, body composition, or muscle strength in elite female basketball players? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(5), 581-585.
Gibson, B. W., Webner, D., Huffman, G. R., & Sennett, B. J. (2007). Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in major league baseball pitchers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(4), 575-581.
Hartmann, A., Knols, R., Murer, K., & de Bruin, E. D. (2008). Reproducibility of an Isokinetic Strength-Testing Protocol of the Knee and Ankle in Older Adults. Gerontology.
Hinton, R. Y. (1988). Isokinetic of Shoulder Rotation Strength in High School Baseball Pitchers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 16( 3), 274-279
Hickson, R. C., Dvorak, B. A., Gorostiaga, E. M., Kurowski, T. T., & Foster, C. (1988). Potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 65(5), 2285-2290.
Hoffman, J. R., & Kang, J. (2002). Evaluation of a new anaerobic power testing system. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 16(1), 142-148.
Kozlov, I., Muravyev, V. (1992). Muscles and the sprint. Soviet Sports Review, 27(6), 192-195.
Lewis, L. A. (2010). Body composition and peak vo2 in major league baseball players: a retrospective study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(5), 127.
MacDougall, J. D., Sale, D. G., Alway, S. E., & Sutton, J. R. (1984). Muscle fiber number in biceps brachii in bodybuilders and control subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology, 57(5), 1399-1403.
Meister, K. (2000). Injuries to the shoulder in the throwing athlete. Part two:evaluation/treatment. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(4), 587-601.
Matsuo, T., Esxamilla, R. F., Flesing, G. S., Barrentine, S. W., & Andrews, J. R. (2001). Comparison of kinematic and temporal parameters between different pitch velocity groups. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17, 1-13.
Noakes, T. D. (1988). Implications of exercise testing for prediction of athletic performance: a contemporary perspective. Medicine and Scienece in Sports and Exercise, 20(4), 319-330.
Noffal, G. J. (2003). Isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of the shoulder rotator muscles in throwers and nonthrowers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(4), 537-541.
Paddon-Jones, D., Keech, A., Lonergan, A., & Abernethy, P. (2005). Differential expression of muscle damage in humans following acute fast and slow velocity eccentric exercise. Journal of Science Medicine and Sport, 8(3), 255-263.
Paasuke, M., Ereline, J., & Gapeyeva, H. (2001). Knee extension strength and vertical jumping performance in nordic combined athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine Physical Fitness, 41(3), 354-361.
Papadopoulos, G., Siatras, T., Kellis, G. (2005). The effect of static and dynamic stretching exercises on the maximal isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and flexors. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 13(4), 285-291.
Pedegana, L. R., Elsner, R. C., Roberts, D., Lang, J., & Farewell, V. (1982). The relationship of upper extremity strength to throwing speed. American Jounal of Sports Medicine, 10(6), 352-354.
Pugh, S. F., Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., & Pearsall, A. W. (2001). Upper and lower body strength in relation to underhand pitching speed by experienced and inexperienced pitchers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93(3), 813-818.
Schroer, W. C., Diesfeld, P. J., Reedy, M. E., & Lemarr, A. R. (2008). Isokinetic Strength Testing of Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty Recovery. Journal of Arthroplasty.
Sale, D. G., MacDougall, J. D., Alway, S. E., & Sutton, J. R. (1987). Voluntary strength and muscle characteristics in untrained men and women and male bodybuilders. Journal of Applied Physiology, 62(5), 1786-1793.
Sergej, M. O. (2003). Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Elite Serbian Soccer Players. Physical Education and Sport, 1(7), 23 - 29.
Sergej, M. O. (2003). Seasonal alterations in body composition and sprint performance of elite soccer players. Journal of Exercise Physiology, 6(3), 11-14.
Sinning, W. E. (1996). Body composition in athletes. Human Body Composition. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics.
Smirniotou, A., Katsikas, C., Paradisis, G., Argeitaki, P., Zacharogiannis, E., & Tziortzis, S. (2008). Strength-power parameters as predictors of sprinting performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 48(4), 447-454.
Stone, M. H., Sanborn, K., O'Bryant, H. S., Hartman, M., Stone, M. E., Proulx, C., et al. (2003). Maximum strength-power-performance relationships in collegiate throwers. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 17(4), 739-745.
Spaniol, F. J. (2009). Body Composition and Baseball Performance. National Strength and Conditioning's Performance Training Journal, 4(1), 10-11.
Spaniol, F. J. (2009). Baseball athletic test: a baseball-specific test battery. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 31(2), 26-29.
Spaniol, F. J., Paluseo, J., Bonnette, R., Melrose, D., Ocker, L., Szymanski, D. (2010). The relationship between sa the relationship between static strength, rotational strength, rotational power, bat speed, and batted-ball velocity of ncaa division i baseball players. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(1), 1.

Tredinnick, T. J., & Duncan, P. W. (1988). Reliability of measurements of concentric and eccentric isokinetic loading. Physical Therapy, 68(5), 656-659.
Watson, G., Judelson, D. A., Armstrong, L. E., Yeargin, S. W., Casa, D. J., & Maresh, C. M. (2005). Influence of diuretic-induced dehydration on competitive sprint and power performance. Medicine Science and Sports Exercise, 37(7), 1168-1174.
Wiliam, C., Andrés R., Ivis, E., Miriam, M., Julio, M., Dialvis, R., (2009). Body Type and Performance of Elite Cuban Baseball Players. Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba Review, 11(2),15-20.