臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

研究目的：愛荷華賭局作業(Bechara et al., 1994, 簡稱IGT)近年來已為評估決策行為的重要指標，僅有少數研究將IGT同時應用在人格特質的研究(如：使用行為抑制與行為激發量表, BIS/BAS; Carver & White, 1994)，但這系列研究至今已呈現矛盾與不一致的結果。本研究認為主要原因可能來自以下兩個問題：1.忽略IGT設計上同時期望值與輸贏頻率兩個變項混淆之缺點，而僅採期望值的觀點作為分析的基礎；2.忽略IGT四疊牌各自的屬性，而將A、B牌合併為壞牌與C、D牌合併為好牌的方式予以分析。研究方法：本研究嘗試設計兩個實驗解決此問題，實驗一以攤開IGT四疊牌的分析方式，加入逆轉版IGT，重新檢驗期望值、輸贏頻率與享樂尋求特質之間的關聯性，實驗二以東吳賭局作業(Soochow gambling task, SGT)取代IGT，用以解決IGT混淆變項的問題。分別依期望值與輸贏頻率的觀點，檢驗受試者在IGT/rIGT/SGT與享樂尋求的相關及高、低享樂尋求特質者在IGT/rIGT/SGT選擇偏好的表現。研究結果：大部分正常人在賭局作業中的決策表現較支持輸贏頻率之觀點，與期望值之觀點相牴觸。而BIS/BAS量表中，享樂尋求量表似乎與輸贏頻率之關聯性較高。本研究採用IGT與BIS/BAS量表與過去的研究同樣得出不穩定之現象，但可觀察到享樂尋求特質與輸贏頻率在rIGT及SGT間的關係。

Purpose: Within the last sixteen years, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has become an index used to evaluate decision making behavior, although in that time little research has applied the IGT towards personality research(for example, Behavioral Inhibition Scale/Behavioral Activation Scales：BIS/BAS scales). However, the research concerning personality that has been completed has proven to vary considerably, with very little continuity existing between those sources. This study attempts to show that the reason for the variance found in previous research is because of two main issues: 1) It failed to consider the expected values and the gain-loss frequency, which are combined into the design of the IGT. Also, this research analyzed the data only using expected values. 2) It also failed to consider the nature of four decks of cards, thus analyzing the data by adding decks ‘A’ and ‘B’ together as bad cards and decks ‘C’ and ‘D’ together as good cards. Method: This study tried to design two experiments to solve these problems. Experiment 1 analyzed each of the four decks independently using the reverse version IGT (rIGT) and IGT. It reexamined the relationship between the expected values, the gain-loss frequency and the fun seeking trait. Experiment 2 used the Soochow Gambling Task (SGT) to replace the IGT and resolve its confounding variables. It reexamined the behavioral preferences of the subjects and the correlation between the IGT, rIGT, SGT and the fun seeking trait using expected values and the gain-loss frequency. This experiment separated the subjects into low vs. high fun seeking score categories to analyze their behavioral preferences of the three tasks using the expected values and the gain-loss frequency. Result: The decision making behavior made by most people in gambling tasks supported the view of the gain-loss frequency. In the BIS/BAS scales, the fun seeking scale seemed related more to the gain-loss frequency. The results of this study were unstable, just as with previous research done by using the IGT and the BIS/BAS scales. This study observed a relationship between the fun seeking scale and the gain-loss frequency when using the rIGT and SGT.

緒論.................................................1
研究背景與動機.......................................1
文獻探討.............................................5
第一節 愛荷華賭局作業................................5
一、 IGT的緣起.......................................5
二、 IGT的設計架構...................................5
三、 VMPFC病人在IGT中的決策表現......................7
第二節 以rIGT驗證影響IGT決策行為的主要因素：期望值...9
一、 rIGT的設計架構..................................9
二、 VMPFC病人在rIGT上的行為表現符合對未來結果不敏感的假設...................................................9
三、 比較VMPFC病人在IGT與rIGT的決策表現..............11
四、 比較正常人在IGT與rIGT的決策表現.................12
五、 小結............................................13
第三節 IGT與人格特質的關係...........................14
一、 IGT與人格量表的關係.............................14
二、 應用在IGT上相關的人格測驗.......................14
三、 小結............................................16
第四節 行為抑制與行為激發量表(BIS/BAS量表)...........17
一、 量表的理論架構：Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory...................................................17
二、 BIS/BAS量表的發展...............................19
第五節 BIS/BAS量表在IGT研究中之議題..................21
一、 研究結果：綜論十五篇文獻研究之異同..............23
二、 分析方法：BIS/BAS量表計分應採用四因素法.........24
三、 Suhr團隊研究結果之異同：享樂尋求與IGT之間的關係.24
第六節 影響IGT決策行為的另一因素：輸贏頻率........26
一、 正常人在IGT與rIGT的決策表現：輸贏頻率V.S. 期望值26
二、 IGT設計架構之問題：奇異B牌的現象................27
三、 文獻中IGT的計分方式與奇異B牌現象之關係..........28
第七節 期望值、輸贏頻率與享樂尋求特質對決策行為之影響...................................................29
一、 綜論IGT-BIS/BAS相關文獻研究異同可能之原因.......29
1. 文獻中未攤開IGT四疊牌分析之問題...................29
2. 文獻中缺乏分析輸贏頻率之問題......................29
二、解決之道.........................................30
1. 合併IGT與rIGT作為驗證人格特質之實驗工具...........30
2. 使用SGT作為驗證人格特質之實驗工具.................31
三、 小結............................................33
實驗一：檢驗期望值、輸贏頻率與享樂尋求特質關係-以IGT/rIGT為例...................................................34
第一節 研究目的與假設................................34
一、 研究目的........................................34
二、 研究假設........................................34
第二節 研究方法......................................36
一、 研究對象........................................36
二、 研究工具........................................36
三、 實驗程序........................................38
四、 統計方法........................................39
第三節 研究結果......................................40
一、 IGT vs. BIS/BAS量表.............................40
二、 rIGT vs. BIS/BAS量表............................43
第四節 結果與討論....................................46
一、 IGT/rIGT結果不一致的原因之一：贏錢的金額大小....46
二、 IGT/rIGT結果不一致的原因之二：輸贏權重不同......47
三、 IGT/rIGT結果不一致的原因之三：C牌、rC牌的選擇變異性...................................................48
四、 為何期望值和輸贏頻率在rIGT皆達顯著：rIGT中的混淆變項...................................................48
五、 IGT與rIGT先後施測所出現的學習效果...............49
六、 小結............................................51
實驗二：檢驗期望值、輸贏頻率與享樂尋求特質關係-以SGT為例...................................................52
第一節 研究目的與假設................................52
一、 研究目的........................................52
二、 研究假設........................................52
第二節 研究方法......................................54
一、 研究對象........................................54
二、 研究工具........................................54
三、 實驗程序........................................55
四、 統計方法........................................55
第三節 研究結果......................................56
一、 SGT vs. BIS/BAS量表.............................56
第四節 結果與討論....................................59
綜合討論.............................................61
一、 臨床版與原始版IGT設計架構不同...................63
二、 去抑制化的個體其決策行為是酬賞導向..............63
三、 BAS量表中Fun Seeking量表的操作界定..............63
四、 自陳式量表與動態決策作業之差異..................64
五、 BIS/BAS量表建構之問題...........................65
六、 小結............................................65
研究限制與未來建議...................................66
研究限制.............................................66
一、 樣本的部份......................................66
二、 實驗的部份......................................66
三、 人格量表的部份..................................66
未來建議.............................................67
一、 IGT/rIGT宜分開施測..............................67
二、 宜攤開四疊牌並搭配不同設計架構的賭局作業........67
三、 研究假設可改用數學模型..........................67
四、 宜檢驗BIS/BAS各分量表與各決策作業之間的關係.....68
五、 宜使用BIS/BAS量表搭配其他決策作業...............68
六、 宜增加生理上的測量..............................68
研究貢獻.............................................70
一、 文獻整理方面:...................................70
二、 實驗設計方面:...................................70
三、 研究結果方面：..................................71
參考文獻.............................................72
附錄一：愛荷華賭局作業指導語.........................82
附錄二：愛荷華賭局作業第二階段指導語.................83
附錄三：中文版行為抑制與行為激發量表.................84
附錄四：IGT四十次輸贏架構表..........................86
附錄五：IGT/rIGT/SGT與BIS/BAS各分量表之相關係數整理..88

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