臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

食品貿易在國際貿易發達之今日，在國際法分支上具有國際經濟法與國際食品法範疇內雙重之重要性。前者由世界貿易組織框架下之多邊條約如「農業協定」、「與經貿有關之智慧財產權協定」規範之；後者以「食品安全檢驗與動植物防疫檢疫措施協定」、「技術性貿易障礙協定」之條款確立其標準與措施。此外，在區域性組織如歐盟、雙邊條約如歐盟對美國、美國對中國大陸與各國國內法制，皆具顯著之重要性。
當今食品汙染案件時有發生，汙染源之性質亦屬多元之情況下，國際食品法制益顯重要。目前，國際食品法皆以國際標準作為食品安全判斷之依據。且食品安全標準之取捨，須賴科學證據之支持，以作為保護人類健康、動植物生命安全與公平貿易之平衡點。其中，最廣為採用之食品安全標準即聯合國專門性機構糧農組織(FAO)與世界衛生組織(WHO)共同採用之食品法典(Codex Alimentarius)所確立之各種食品安全標準。
國際食品法屬於多框架之法律制度。然食品貿易國若同屬世界貿易組織(WTO)會員國，其相互間有關食品安全或食品貿易事項皆受WTO爭端解決機制之影響。亦不乏會員國間為更加確保食品安全、食品貿易之執行力或制裁力而簽定雙邊協定以保障之之例。質言之，目前有國際食品法制框架多元化，國際食品安全標準同一化、協調化之現象。
我國自2001年加入WTO以來，至少曾面臨兩次食品安全事件之衝擊。一次是2008年中國大陸之「三聚氰胺汙染奶粉」事件；一次是我國最近發生之「塑化劑汙染食品」事件，皆予我們認識國際食品法制運作方式之機會。我國食品法規，無論是由食品之抽樣檢驗方法、標準、驗證程序，食品原物料來源管理、食品衛生作業設施規範、食品之保存標識運送陳列、食品風險控制系統、基因操作食品與基因改造食品等食品安全法規實質規定，皆應重新審視，並與WTO法制框架下所採用者同步，以符合食品安全與公平貿易之宗旨；而我國食品法制中，欲採取較高標準之事項，亦應尋求科學證據之支持，以保障國民健康。
正當食品安全是件多事之秋，吾人應更廣泛且深入認識國際食品法制，預見國際食品法之未來，並為本世紀糧食安全、糧食危機等問題預做準備。

Upon an age with such developed international trading, food trading is of double importance in international law, for it being in the range of appliance of both the International Economic Law and the International Food Law. The prior is provided by multilateral treaties such as the Agreement on Agriculture and the General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS), while the latter has its standards and measures provided by articles from the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Besides, food trades are of significant importance in regional organizations such as the EU, bilateral treaties such as those between EU and US or US and China, in addition to domestic laws of various countries.
Incidents concerning contamination of food occur occasionally nowadays, while having a variety of pollutant source, which causes the rise of importance of international food laws. Currently, these laws use international standards as a measure of food safety. Also, the safety standards need to rely on scientific proof to strike a balance between protecting people's health, safety of animals and plants, and fair trade. Among those standards, the most common is the standards formulated by Codex Alimentarius, which is being used by both the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations.
The international food laws are multiframe of legal regime, but if both parties on a food trade are the World Trade Organization (WTO) members, their food safety and food trade issues are influenced by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the WTO. There are also a number of examples of members signing bilateral treaty to reinforce food safety as well as the execution and power of arbitration on food trading. Simply speaking, currently there's a tendency of going multiframe on law regime as well as unify and harmonization on international food safety standards.
Since joining the WTO in 2001, R.O.C. (Taiwan) has taken at least two major impacts of food safety incidents. One is the incident of melamine-contaminated milk powder from Mainland China in 2008, while the other is the plasticizer issue recently.
Both incidents yield chances to our knowledge of the operation of international food regulations. The Taiwanese food regulations, including methods, standards, and examination procedures of food examination, management of raw material sources, regulation on food sanitary facilities, storage, marking, transportation, displaying of food, the risk management system of food, and genetically modified food regulations, should be revised, and synchronized with other users of WTO regulation frame, to fit the goal of food safety as well as fair trading. And if the Taiwanese legislation body wishes to take a higher standard on some items, scientific proofs should be provided to ensure health of citizens are protected.
While experiencing such a tough time on food safety, we should put even more effort on understanding the international food laws deeply and widely, foresee the future of it, and prepare for problems that may occur in this century such as food safety issue and food crisis.

食品安全管理之國際法律制度—以食品法典為例
目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究方法 3
第四節 預期結果 4
第二章 食品安全概念之特性與發展 6
第一節 食品安全之概念 6
第二節 食品安全之特性 8
第三節 食品安全之發展歷史 9
第三章 世界貿易組織框架下法制之原則 12
第一節 農業協定 14
第二節 食品安全檢驗與動植物防疫檢疫措施協定 16
第三節 技術性貿易障礙協定 19
第四章 聯合國糧農組織與世界衛生組織框架下食品安全法制 24
第一節 國際食品安全法典適用之特性 26
第二節 國際食品安全法適用之實質原則 28
第一項 商品自由流通 28
第二項 食品標識原則 29
第三項 食品衛生 32
第四項 食品品質 35
第五項 食品安全 36
第六項 食品添加物 38
第七項 基因改造食品 40
第三節 國際食品安全法典之執行力 43
第一項 違反食品安全法規之國際制裁與執行機關 43
第二項 WTO執行力 44
第三項 聯合國糧農組織與世界衛生組織執行力 45
第四項 區域組織執行力 46
第五項 國內體制執行力 48
第五章 區域性組織食品安全法制體系 49
第一節 區域性組織框架下之法規 49
第一項 歐盟(European Union) 49
第二項 北美貿易自由協定(NAFTA) 50
第三項 東南亞國協(ASEAN) 53
第六章 食品安全管制的雙邊協定 55
第一節 1998年美國與歐盟肉品等效協議 55
第二節 2007年美國與中國大陸之食品安全管制協定 58
第七章 食品安全法制所應用之一般原則 63
第一節 預防原則 63
第二節 風險評估原則 65
第三節 風險管理原則 65
第四節 等效原則 65
第五節 透明化原則 66
第六節 不得歧視之原則 67
第八章 食品安全監督與制裁機制 69
第一節 國際食品安全監督與制裁之機制 69
第二節 區域與次區域食品安全與制裁之機制 70
第三節 食品安全國內法體制下的監督與制裁機制 71
第九章 結論 73
參考文獻 76
一、專書 76
二、期刊論文 77
三、網路資料 78
附錄一、食品安全檢驗與動植物防疫檢疫措施協定 86
附錄二、技術性貿易障礙協定 104

參考文獻
一、專書
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5. Masson-Matthee, M.D.,The Codex Alimentarius Commission and Its Standards, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2007.
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12. WHO, FAO of the United Nations, Understanding the Codex Alimentarius, 3rd ed., Rome, 2006.
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二、期刊論文
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2. Cheng, C.-J., The Progressive Development of International Food Law through the United Nations, its Specialized Agencies and Other International Organizations, Soochow Law Journal, Vol.VI, No. 2, July 2009, 17-135.
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8.Tauxe, R. V., Emerging Food-borne Diseases: An Evolving Public Health Challenge. Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 3, No. 4, 1997, 425-434.








三、網路資料
(中文部分)(依筆畫順序)
1. 中華人民共和國食品安全法，http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2009-02/28/content_1246367.htm
2. 牛惠之、劉亮亨、楊一晴, “WTO ‘歐體生技產品案’關於SPS協定之爭議與初步評估”, http://www.cnfi.org.tw/wto/admin/upload/23/2-5.pdf
3. 台灣大學化學系陳竹亭教授，起雲劑(clouding agent) v. 塑化劑(plasticizer), at http://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=27917
4. <食品安全檢驗與動植物防疫檢疫措施協定>，農委會動植物防疫檢疫局(翻譯印行)，2001年12月。
http://www.baphiq.gov.tw/public/Data/6112313533771.pdf
5. <港證實患腎石兒童升至5人>，亞洲時報，2008年9月26日，http://www.atchinese.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53703&Itemid=34
6. 維基百科，<2008年中國奶製品汙染事件>， http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh/2008%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%93%81%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6
7. 維基百科，2011年台灣塑化劑事件，參閱http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A1%91%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6
8. <顧及民眾觀感，瘦肉精不解禁>，中國時報，2011年2月19日，http://news.msn.com.tw/news2059422.aspx







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