本研究主要使用掃流式陶瓷膜過濾系統，探討二氧化鈦粒子水溶液的過濾行為，及結合光觸媒反應操作，探討光觸媒分解染料之效果及回收粒子之性能。實驗參數有溶液的pH值、流體速度、通氣速度及透膜壓差。
從實驗的結果得知二氧化鈦在等電位點（pH 7）時粒子易凝聚，且形成的濾餅較鬆散受剪應力的影響大，因此pH 7的濾速較pH 5及pH 9來的高；當增加流體速度或通入氣體時，可以有效造成擾動，減少二氧化鈦粒子附著於膜面上。當pH = 5或pH = 9時，二氧化鈦粒子因帶電而均勻的懸浮於水中，過濾時因粒子體積小而堆積緊密，改變流體速度及通氣速度對提升濾速沒有明顯的幫助。隨著透膜壓差的增加，提升掃流速度有幫助減少濃度極化，及延後極限濾速的發生。氣液兩相流的操作方式對提升濾速的幫助最大，於本實驗中最大濾速發生於pH 7，流體速度0.2 m/s及通氣速度0.3 m/s的操作條件。
掃流過濾結合光觸媒反應操作，於pH 5條件下形成之TiO2動態膜有阻擋染料之功能，而回收之TiO2粒子有不錯的光觸媒效能，約為原始粒子性能之91~97%。

In this study, a tubular ceramic membrane was used in a cross-flow filtration system to discuss the flux behavior of the titanium dioxide solution, and the combination with photocatalyst reactor was also operated to investigate the performance of decolorization by titanium dioxide particles. The experimental parameters included transmembrane pressure, pH value, liquid velocity and gas velocity.
Experimental results showed that the TiO2 particles tended to coagulate and form a less compact cake at pH 7, thus, the permeate flux at pH 7 was higher than that at pH 5 or pH 9. The larger particles can be easily swept away from the membrane surface by the cross-flow velocity. At pH 5 or pH 9, the charged titanium dioxide particles form a tightness layer, thus the effect of cross-flow velocity becomes less significance. High cross-flow velocity induced a high mass transfer rate that could lower the trend to reach the limiting flux regime as increasing the transmembrane pressure. A significant flux enhancement was obtained by the addition of gas slugs into the liquid stream. An optimal operation was obtained at pH 7, UL = 0.2 m/s and UG = 0.3 m/s in this work.
Photocatalyst reactor combined with cross-flow filtration, the TiO2 dynamic membrane could inhibit the dye AO7 through the membrane at pH 5. The recovered TiO2 particles have a good photocatalyst performance which is equal to 91~97% of original TiO2 particles.

目錄

圖目錄 Ⅳ
表目錄 Ⅷ
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 2

第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 微過濾的特性 3
2.1.1 濃度極化現象 3
2.1.2 結垢現象 4
2.2 影響濾速的因素 5
2.3 提高濾速的方法 7
2.4 濾速分析模式 15
2.5 二氧化鈦粒子溶液 21
2.5.1二氧化鈦粒子於過濾系統之研究 22
2.5.2二氧化鈦光觸媒應用於廢水處理程序 24
2.5.3光觸媒之光催化反應器結合薄膜過濾 26


第三章 實驗裝置與方法 30
3.1 實驗裝置 30
3.2 實驗藥品 31
3.3 實驗步驟 33
3.4 操作條件 35
3.5流量計校正 36
3.6 薄膜清洗 36

第四章 結果與討論 39
4.1 液體速度對濾速之影響 39
4.2 透膜壓差之影響 44
4.3 溶液pH值之影響 44
4.4 通氣之影響 48
4.5 過濾阻力Rc 54
4.6 進料移除後過濾阻力之變化 57
4.7 TiO2光觸媒反應及過濾操作 59
4.7.1 pH值的影響 62
4.7.2 通氣的影響 66
4.7.3 回收TiO2之性能 67

第五章 結論 69
符號說明 71
參考文獻 73
附錄 82


圖目錄

Fig. 2.1 The diagram of permeate flux vs. transmembrane pressure. 6
Fig. 2.2 The form of Two-phase flow inside pipes 10
Fig. 3.1 Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus. 31
Fig. 3.2 The relationship of liquid velocity and small flowmeter scale. 37
Fig. 3.3 The relationship of Re and liquid velocity(small flowmeter). 37
Fig. 3.4 The relationship of liquid velocity and big flowmeter scale. 38
Fig. 3.5 The relationship of Re and liquid velocity(big flowmeter). 38
Fig. 4.1 Effect of various transmembrane pressure on the 2nd hrs flux in different cross velocity (pH 5). 40
Fig. 4.2 Effect of various transmembrane pressure on the 2nd hrs flux in different cross velocity (pH 7). 41
Fig. 4.3 Effect of various transmembrane pressure on the 2nd hrs flux in different cross velocity (pH 9). 41
Fig. 4.4 Effect of various cross velocity on the 2nd hr. flux under different transmembrane pressure (pH 5). 42
Fig. 4.5 Effect of various cross velocity on the 2nd hrs flux under different transmembrane pressure (pH 7). 43
Fig. 4.6 Effect of various cross velocity on the 2nd hrs flux under different transmembrane pressure (pH 9). 43
Fig. 4.7 Dependence of zeta potential and average particle size of titanium dioxide on solution pH. 45
Fig. 4.8 Effect of various cross velocity on the 2nd hrs under different pH value (ΔPi = 50 kPa). 46
Fig. 4.9 Effect of various cross velocity on the 2nd hrs under different pH value (ΔPi = 100 kPa). 47
Fig. 4.10 Effect of various cross velocity on the 2nd hrs under different pH value (ΔPi = 150 kPa). 47
Fig. 4.11 Effect of various cross velocity on the 2nd hrs under different pH value (ΔPi = 200 kPa). 48
Fig. 4.12 Effect of different gas velocity on the flux-time curve (pH 7, ΔPi = 100kPa). 50
Fig. 4.13 Effect of various cross velocity on the 2nd hrs flux in different inlet gas velocity (pH 5, ΔPi = 100 kPa). 51
Fig. 4.14 Effect of various cross velocity on the 2nd hrs flux in different inlet gas velocity (pH 7, ΔPi = 100 kPa). 52
Fig. 4.15 Effect of various cross velocity on the 2nd hrs flux in different inlet gas velocity (pH 9, ΔPi = 100 kPa). 52
Fig. 4.16 Effect of various pH value on the 2nd hrs flux with same cross velocity different inlet gas and liquid velocity. 53
Fig. 4.17 Variation of Rc with time under different transmembrane pressure (pH 5, UL = 0.2 m/s). 55
Fig. 4.18 Variation of Rc with time under different transmembrane pressure (pH 5, UL = 0.5 m/s). 55
Fig. 4.19 Variation of Rc with time under different transmembrane pressure (pH 5, UL = 0.8 m/s). 56
Fig. 4.20 Variation of Rc with time under different transmembrane pressure (pH 7, UL = 0.8 m/s). 56
Fig. 4.21 Comparison of Rc between TiO2(aq) and water on the 2nd hrs filtration. 57
Fig. 4.22 The effect of adding salt on permeate flux. 58
Fig. 4.23 TiO2 absorption ability (before 60 mins) and photocatalyst ability (after 60 mins) with dye AO7 (pH 7, UL = 0.2 m/s) 59
Fig. 4.24 Compare with TiO2 and TiO2 with AO7 filtration. 60
Fig. 4.25 The Rc1 and Rc2 of TiO2 with AO7 filtrated. 60
Fig. 4.26 Dependence of zeta potential and average particle size of titanium dioxide with AO7 on solution pH. 61
Fig. 4.27 . Effect of different pH value on TiO2 absorption ability (before 60 mins) and photocatalyst ability (after 60 mins) with dye AO7. 63
Fig. 4.28 Absorption ability (before 60 mins) and photocatalyst ability(after 60 mins) of the TiO2 combined with crossflow filtration (pH 7, UL = 0.2 m/s, UG = 0.3 m/s). 64
Fig. 4.29 Absorption ability (before 60 mins) and photocatalyst ability(after 60 mins) of the TiO2 combined with crossflow filtration (UL = 0.2 m/s, UG = 0.3 m/s). 65
Fig. 4.30 Absorption ability(before 60 mins) and photocatalyst ability(after 60 mins) of the TiO2 combined with crossflow filtration (UL = 0.2 m/s, UG = 0 m/s). 65
Fig. 4.31 Comparison of the 2nd hrs. flux between TiO2 filtration and TiO2+AO7 filtration. 66
Fig. A-1 Filtration curves of Jv vs. time under various transmembrane pressure (pH 5, UL = 0.2 m/s). 82
Fig. A-2 Filtration curves of Jv vs. time under various transmembrane pressure (pH 7, UL = 0.2 m/s). 82
Fig. A-3 Filtration curves of Jv vs. time under various transmembrane pressure (pH 9, UL = 0.2 m/s). 83
Fig. A-4 Filtration curves of Jv vs. time under various transmembrane pressure (pH 5, UL = 0.5 m/s). 83
Fig. A-5 Filtration curves of Jv vs. time under various transmembrane pressure (pH 7, UL = 0.5 m/s). 84
Fig. A-6 Filtration curves of Jv vs. time under various transmembrane pressure (pH 9, UL = 0.5 m/s). 84
Fig. A-7 Filtration curves of Jv vs. time under various transmembrane pressure (pH 5, UL = 0.8 m/s). 85
Fig. A-8 Filtration curves of Jv vs. time under various transmembrane pressure (pH 7, UL = 0.8 m/s). 85
Fig. A-9 Filtration curves of Jv vs. time under various transmembrane pressure (pH 9, UL = 0.8 m/s). 86
Fig. C-1 Variation of Rc with time under different transmembrane pressure (pH 7, UL = 0.2 m/s). 88
Fig. C-2 Variation of Rc with time under different transmembrane pressure (pH 9, UL = 0.2 m/s). 88
Fig. C-3 Variation of Rc with time under different transmembrane pressure (pH 5, UL = 0.5 m/s). 89
Fig. C-4 Variation of Rc with time under different transmembrane pressure (pH 7, UL = 0.5 m/s). 89
Fig. C-5 Variation of Rc with time under different transmembrane pressure (pH 9, UL = 0.8 m/s). 90
Fig. D-1 size distribution by intensity (pH 5 0.2 wt% TiO2). 91
Fig. D-2 size distribution by Volume (pH 5 0.2 wt% TiO2). 91
Fig. D-3 size distribution by intensity (pH 7 0.2 wt% TiO2). 92
Fig. D-4 size distribution by Volume (pH 7 0.2 wt% TiO2). 92
Fig. D-5 size distribution by intensity (pH 9 0.2 wt% TiO2). 92
Fig. D-6 size distribution by Volume (pH 9 0.2 wt% TiO2). 93
Fig. D-7 size distribution by intensity (pH 5 0.2 wt% TiO2 with AO7). 93
Fig. D-8 size distribution by Volume (pH 5 0.2 wt% TiO2 with AO7). 93
Fig. D-9 size distribution by intensity (pH 7 0.2 wt% TiO2 with AO7). 94
Fig. D-10 size distribution by Volume (pH 7 0.2 wt% TiO2 with AO7). 94
Fig. D-11 size distribution by intensity (pH 9 0.2 wt% TiO2 with AO7). 94
Fig. D-12 size distribution by Volume (pH 9 0.2 wt% TiO2 with AO7). 95
Fig. D-13 size distribution by intensity (pH 4 0.2 wt% TiO2 by recovery). 95
Fig. D-14 size distribution by volume (pH 4 0.2 wt% TiO2 by recovery). 95
Fig. D-15 zeta potential distribution (pH 4 0.2 wt% TiO2 by recovery). 96
Fig. D-16 size distribution by intensity (pH 4 0.2 wt% with AO7 TiO2 by recovery). 96
Fig. D-17 size distribution by volume (pH 4 0.2 wt% with AO7 TiO2 by recovery). 96
Fig. D-18 zeta potential distribution (pH 4 0.2 wt% TiO2 with AO7 by recovery). 97


表目錄

Table 3.1 The property of membrane. 30
Table 3.2 The properties of titanium dioxide(Ⅳ) P25. 32
Table 3.3 The properties of Acid Orange 7. 32
Table 4.1 The relation of injection factor and the shape of bubble. 49
Table 4.2 The performance of secondary titanium dioxide. 68
Table B-1 The Rc1 and Rc2 under different liquid velocity and transmembrane pressure at pH 5. 87
Table B-2 The Rc1 and Rc2 under different liquid velocity and transmembrane pressure at pH 7. 87
Table B-3 The Rc1 and Rc2 under different liquid velocity and transmembrane pressure at pH 9. 87

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