臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在本論文中所呈現的是戶外無線通訊系統的通道特性分析。然而在戶外的環境中，有許多阻擋物會干擾和減弱接收訊號的功率，例如車輛樹木和建築物。所以我們的目的是要分析與了解戶外無線通訊系統的通道特性。 我們考慮了三種不同的天線形式來評估戶外環境中的路徑損失。藉由使用遺傳基因演算法，群聚粒子演算法，動態差異演算法三種演算法，來改善陣列天線的天線場型使得無線通訊訊號傳輸具有良好的指向性並減少環境的多路徑干擾產生的路徑損失。而且不僅能使用在單一接收者，對於多重使用者也能有效的降低其路徑損失，並依然具有良好的指向性。
在本文中，吾人利用遺傳基因演算法，群聚粒子演算法與動態差異演算法來把具有指向性的天線陣列加入戶外環境裡，用射線彈跳-影像法（SRB-image method）來模擬傳播通道,進而分別分析三種演算法如何改良天線場型，使得所需區域的路徑損失(Path Loss)下降更多，並減少基地台上的功率浪費，並比較三種演算法在不同形狀的天線陣列中的各項優缺點。
第二章是模擬戶外環境的描述及建立，如射線彈跳-影像法技術(SBR-image method )、路徑損失(Path Loss)的觀念等等。第三章描述天線陣列的觀念，如分集技術、天線陣列技術、天線陣列模擬操作等等。第四章中，介紹遺傳基因演算法則、群聚粒子演算法則以及動態差異演算法則三種不同演算法的設定與特性，第五章則是描述以上三種演算法則來產生天線陣列場型所減少環境中多路徑干擾造成的接收點收到訊號之路徑損失，最後第六章則比較上述三種演算法產生天線場之結論。

In this paper, we use the SBR/Image method to compute the path loss for different outdoor environments in the area of Taipei. Three types of antenna arrays such as L shape, Y shape, and Circular shape arrays are used in the base station and their corresponding path loss on several routes in the outdoor environment are calculated. Moreover, two algorithms are employed to optimize the excitation voltages and phases for antenna arrays to form proper antenna patterns. The performance in reduction of path loss by the optimization algorithm is investigated for these antenna arrays for multiusers. By the obtained antenna patterns, we can know the route with the lowest path loss; meanwhile, transmission power using this route in the base station can be reduced. The particle swarm optimization algorithm has better optimization result than genetic algorithm in both LOS and NLOS case. For antenna arrays L shape has better optimization result in LOS case, but in NLOS case Y shape is better than the others. The investigated results can help communication engineers improve their planning and design of outdoor communication system.

目錄

第一章 概論 P.1

第二章 環境建構與通道模型 P.6
2.1 無線電波傳播的通道分析 P.6
2.2 無線電波傳播的多重路徑與信號衰減 P.7
2.3 射線彈跳-追蹤法 P.10

第三章 天線工程理論與演算法法則 P.16
3.1天線陣列技術 P.16
3.2分集技術 P.24

第四章 改良式基因法則、動態差異型演化法與改良式粒子群聚法......P.29
4.1基因演算法則 P.29
4.2 粒子群聚最佳化法 P.37
4.3差異型演化法....................................................................................P.43
4.4動態差異型演化法............................................................................P.52

第五章 天線與環境的模擬與分析 P.54
5.1模擬環境與相關參數設定簡介 P.54
5.2 天線陣列形狀的模擬 P.54
5.3 戶外環境的模擬 P.61
5.4模擬環境與天線陣列的分析(LOS) P.63
5.4.1 GA-LOS P.64
5.4.2 PSO-LOS P.66
5.4.3 DDE-LOS P.68
5.5模擬環境與天線陣列的分析(NLOS) ..........................................P.70
5.5.1 GA-NLOS P.72
5.5.2 PSO-NLOS P.74
5.5.3 DDE-NLOS P.76

第六章 結論 P.79
參考文獻 P.81

圖目錄

圖2-1傳播模型的簡單幾何學....................................................................P.13
圖2-2 二維射線圖......................................................................................P.14
圖2-3 二進位反射/穿透樹狀圖.................................................................P.15
圖3-1 均勻線性陣列天線之幾何排列架構與相對的激發相位..............P.25
圖3-1(a) 線性陣列場型(X－Y平面).........................................................P.26
圖3-1(b) 線性陣列場型(Y－Z平面)........................................................P.26
圖3-5 天線的極化分極..............................................................................P.27
圖3-6 天線的角度分集..............................................................................P.28
圖4-1 基因法則流程圖..............................................................................P.32
圖4-2 群子群聚法流程圖..........................................................................P.38
圖4-3 粒子群聚法中於二維目標函數等位線圖......................................P.39
圖4-4 二維問題中，三種不同邊界條件示意圖.......................................P.42
圖4-5 差異型演化法流程圖......................................................................P.44
圖4-6 差異型進化法中突變方法一的示意圖..........................................P.46
圖4-7 差異型進化法中突變方法二的示意圖..........................................P.47
圖4-8 差異型進化法中突變方法三的示意圖..........................................P.47
圖4-9 差異型進化法中交配向量結構示意圖..........................................P.50
圖4-10 差異型進化法中的交配向量於一個二維目標函數等位線圖描述的示意圖......................................................................................................P.50
圖4-11 動態差異型型演化策略法流程圖................................................P.53
圖5-1 圓型陣列天線空間幾何排列..........................................................P.56
圖5-2 圓型天線陣列場型(X-Y平面)......................................................P.56
圖5-3 圓型天線陣列場型(Y-Z平面)......................................................P.57
圖5-4 L型陣列天線空間幾何排列...........................................................P.57
圖5-5 L型天線陣列場型(X-Y平面).....................................................P.58
圖5-6 L型天線陣列場型(Y-Z平面).......................................................P.58
圖5-7 Y型陣列天線空間幾何排列............................................................P.59
圖5-8 Y型天線陣列場型(X-Y平面)......................................................P.59
圖5-9 Y型天線陣列場型(Y-Z平面)......................................................P.60
圖5-10 多重街道圖....................................................................................P.62
圖5-11 三種演算法與未加演算法比較圖(LOS) .....................................P.63
圖5-12 遺傳基因演算法應用於L型天線陣列輻射場.............................P.64
圖5-13 遺傳基因演算法應用於Y型天線陣列輻射場...........................P.64
圖5-14 遺傳基因演算法應用於circular型天線陣列輻射場..................P.65
圖5-15群聚粒子演算法應用於L型天線陣列輻射場..............................P.66
圖5-16群聚粒子演算法應用於Y型天線陣列輻射場............................P.66
圖5-17 群聚粒子演算法應用於circular型天線陣列輻射場..................P.67
圖5-18動態差異演算法應用於L型天線陣列輻射場.............................P.68
圖5-19動態差異演算法應用於Y型天線陣列輻射場............................P.69
圖5-20動態差異演算法應用於circular型天線陣列輻射場....................P.69
圖5-21 三種演算法與未加演算法比較圖(NLOS)...................................P.71
圖5-22 遺傳基因演算法應用於L型天線陣列輻射場...........................P.72
圖5-23 遺傳基因演算法應用於Y型天線陣列輻射場............................P.72
圖5-24 遺傳基因演算法應用於circular型天線陣列輻射場..................P.73
圖5-25 群聚粒子演算法應用於L型天線陣列輻射場............................P.74
圖5-26 群聚粒子演算法應用於Y型天線陣列輻射場............................P.74
圖5-27 群聚粒子演算法應用於circular型天線陣列輻射場...................P.75
圖5-28 動態差異演算法應用於L型天線陣列輻射場.............................P.76
圖5-29 動態差異演算法應用於Y型天線陣列輻射場............................P.76
圖5-30 動態差異演算法應用於circular型天線陣列輻射場...................P.77
圖5-31演算法應用於天線陣列以降低傳輸之訊號衰減..........................P.78

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