DRAM（Dynamic Random-Access Memory）動態隨機存取記憶體，隨著電腦科技的進步，記憶體晶片的容量需求越來越大， 積體電路(IC)製造者勢必想用最小的晶圓面積作出最大的記憶容量，因此必需不斷的減小元件特徵尺寸來持續的降低成本，才能符合下世代先進DRAM之需求。本實驗利用DRAM其中一道製程連接洞來研究，目前以KrF解析的最佳WINDOW TARGET為335nm（CD PATTEM），如以I-LINE的光源365nm解析能力還未達到最佳Best Focus。故本論文中藉由I-LINE（365nm）曝光機，搭配參數（孔徑）的改變，來改善解析度已達到KrF（248nm）的曝光效果。
實驗證實在Conventional的光圈變化再加上孔徑在0.62的情形下，藉由SEM所量出來的最低值在0.2833μm，證明在I-line曝光機是有能力改善解析度的技術，雖然目前仍有改善空間，但相信未來科技廠可利用低成本的技術做出最好的產品。

DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory) is required for larger and larger capacity memory chips with the progress of technology. The IC (Integrated Circuit) manufacturers certainly want to make a largest memory capacity with small wafer size. All they have to do is reducing cost by decreasing the feature size for reaching the requirement of advanced DRAM in next generation. In this study, a process step of via hole was researched. The maximum resolution of window target is 335 nm (CD PATTEM) by KrF (248 nm). However, I-Line wavelength is 365 nm, still can not reach the best focus. Therefore, an I-Line exposure with changing parameters of aperture was used for improving the resolution, and it has reached the same efficiency similar to KrF.
In our research, by changing the aperture of conventional and annular and adding a mask with the aperture size of 0.62, the minimum value is 0.2833 μm which was measured by SEM. This result proves that we can have a higher resolution by improved I-Line exposure. Although there still need to improve, technology factories would have the best resolution with lowest cost in the future.

目錄
指導教授推薦書
口試委員會審定書
授權書
致謝............................ iv
摘要............................ v
Abstract........................vi
目錄............................vii
圖目錄...........................xi
表目錄...........................xiv
第一章 序論 ......................1
1.1 前言.........................1
1.2 研究動機......................1
1.3半導體產業簡介..................2
第二章 簡介........................5
2.1 記憶體的種類...................6
2.1.1記憶體的階層架構...............7
2.1.2 什麼是RAM....................7
2.1.3動態隨機存取記憶體..............8
2.1.4 DRAM的基本動作................9
2.1.5 DRAM的更新週期................11
2.2靜態RAM..........................12
2.2.1 DRAM和SRAM的特性比較...........13
2.3同步性DRAM........................14
2.3.1 SDRAM的歷史....................15
2.3.2 DDR、DDR2、DDR3 SDRAM之介紹 ....16
2.4 非揮發性記憶體簡介.................17
2.5將DRAM線路設計實現在製程上...........19
2.5.1晶圓生產流程......................20
2.5.2摩爾定律..........................21
2.5.3圖形尺寸和晶圓尺寸..................23
2.5.4微影製程簡介........................24
2.5.5光阻簡介............................25
2.5.6光微影製程步驟.......................26
2.5.7解析度與景深.........................27
2.5.8光源的演進...........................30
2.6相位移光罩（Phase Shifting Mask,PSM）...32
2.7 改善解析度之方法........................33
2.8抗反射塗佈（Anti-Reflection Coating, ARC）...36
2.8.1 阻劑駐波效應和缺陷效應..................36
2.8.2抗反射層之設計原理.......................38
2.8.3 底層抗反射層...........................41
第三章 實驗架構與量測機台....................43
3.1實驗架構..................................43
3.2實驗流程..................................44
3.3光阻旋轉塗佈...............................46
3.4曝光機台...................................48
3.4.1 I-line原理..............................48
3.4.2 KrF原理.................................49
3.4.3 掃描式照明系統............................50
3.5量測機台....................................51
3.5.1 SEM（掃描式電子顯微鏡）....................51
3.5.2 掃描式電子顯微鏡原理 ......................52
3.5.3 掃描式電子顯微鏡應用.......................52
第四章 實驗結果與討論...........................54
4.1 ARC的表面分析 ...............................54
4.2 KrF和I-line實驗結果..........................56
4.3改變I-LINE光圈和孔徑...........................59
4.4 上HMDS的晶圓實驗..............................66
第五章 結論與未來展望..............................73
5.1結論...........................................73
5.2 未來展望.......................................76
參考文獻...........................................77
圖目錄
圖 1 記憶體的種類...................................6
圖2 記憶體的階層架構.................................7
圖3 DRAM的記憶體元件電路圖［6-7］....................9
圖4 深溝型記憶體細胞實際結構圖.........................9
圖5 DRAM的基本動作...................................10
圖6 DRAM的更新週期...................................12
圖7 SRAM元件構造圖（6個電晶體）........................13
圖8 DDR、DDR2、DDR3記憶體圖...........................17
圖9 DRAM線路實現在製程上示意圖.........................19
圖10左圖為堆疊式（STACK），右圖為深溝式（DEEP TRENCH）...20
圖11製程流程圖........................................21
圖12 摩爾定律........................................22
圖13 以不同尺寸所顯示的晶片尺寸........................23
圖14 相對晶圓尺寸......................................24
圖15正負光阻之圖案化製程................................26
圖16微影製程之流程......................................27
圖17 沒有透鏡的光繞射...................................28
圖18 經過透鏡的光繞射...................................28
圖19 NA和K1技術發展....................................30
圖20 各種曝光光源波長...................................31
圖21 左圖為相位移光罩（PSM）右圖為傳統光罩.................33
圖22 離軸照明...........................................34
圖23 各種離軸照明的形狀...................................34
圖24左圖傳統照明；右圖為環形照明...........................35
圖25 照明條件的製程窗口...................................36
圖26 入射光與反射光相互干涉，E2、 E3代表其電場強度，疊加後電場強度為E23................................................... 37
圖27為光強度在阻劑中隨厚度分佈的情形 ........................37
圖28 缺陷效應............................................ 38
圖29 光入射於光阻劑，於空氣/阻劑界面與阻劑/基材界面 之間產生多重反射示意圖............................................... 40
圖30 表層抗反射層（左），底層抗反射層（右）..................40
圖31 M1-M2 CONNECT架構圖 ................................43
圖32 實驗流程示意圖.......................................45
圖33 光阻旋轉塗佈動態圖...................................47
圖34 準分子能階圖........................................49
圖35 照明系統構造圖.......................................50
圖36 SEM構造圖..........................................53
圖37 線寬、洞寬和間隔寬度示意圖............................ 53
圖38 有BARC.............................................55
圖39無BARC..............................................55
圖40 KRF SEM TOP VIEW...................................58
圖41 NA＝0.52（CONVENTIONAL）SEM TOP VIEW............... 59
圖42 NA＝0.62（CONVENTIONAL） SEM TOP VIEW...............60
圖43 KRF & I-LINE 實驗數據比較...........................61
圖44 KRF & I-LINE FEM曲線圖比較......................... 62
圖45 無ARC NA＝0.62 （CONVENTIONAL）SEM TOP VIEW.........64
圖46無ARC NA：0.62（ANNULAR）........................... 65
圖47無ARC NA：0.62（CONVENTIONAL）...................... 65
圖48 HMDS NA＝0.62（CONVENTIONAL）SEM....................67
圖49 HMDS NA＝0.62（CONVENTIONAL）曲線圖..................68
圖50 HMDS NA＝0.62（CONVENTIONAL）SEM....................69
圖51 HMDS NA＝0.62（CONVENTIONAL）FEM曲圖.................70
圖52 HMDS NA＝0.62（ANNULAR）SEM.........................71
圖53 HMDS NA＝0.52 CONVENTIONAL DOSE：615 MJ／CM2 SEM....72

表目錄
表1 DRAM和SRAM之特性比較..................................14
表2 改善微影解析度方法之綜合歸納圖..........................32
表3 KRF實驗數據.......................................... 56
表4 I-LINE實驗數據....................................... 56
表5 NA=0.52 CONVENTIONAL SEM............................ 58
表6 NA＝0.62 CONVENTIONAL SEM............................60
表7 NA＝0.62 CONVENTIONAL SEM........................... 63
表8 HMDS實驗參數.........................................66
表9 HMDS NA＝0.62（CONVENTIONAL）SEM.....................67
表10 HMDS NA＝0.62（CONVENTIONAL）SEM....................69
表11 HMDS NA＝0.62（ANNULAR） SEM ........................71

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