臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

This research attempts to decorate the exploding field of “Electroacoustic Transducers”. Specially, this thesis focuses on conceptualization, design, development, modeling, simulation, manufacturing, etc. of common electroacoustic transducers such as electret condenser microphone, woofer, and miniature loudspeaker at one side. However, use of these devices in 4C products like earbud and insert earphone is also targeted. Besides, it is tried to figure out possibility of earphone induced hearing loss.
This thesis totally concentrates on the applied research rather than fundamental research. The modeling, simulation, fabrication, and testing (measurement) are four main pillars of this thesis. Dynamic Analogy using equivalent circuit method is widely employed in this work to develop analytical model. Methods like micro-tensile test and finite element software simulation are applied to assist our approach. A laser vibrometry and an anechoic chamber measurement are widely used in this work. Finally, parametric simulations are utilized to expedite design and development.
A handful discussion is aimed to speed up the understanding and development of a electret condenser microphone. A microphone is evaluated and parametric simulation is carried out. Additionally, microphone manufacturing process (diaphragm polarization) modification was tried to reduce rejection rate. The performance of 10” woofer is visualized by reverse engineering approach. The effect of certain parameters on the frequency response of woofer is also estimated. Four miniature loudspeakers have been simulated, designed, and reported in this thesis. The diaphragm and magnetic motor modifications are attempted to reduce the total harmonic distortion of circular and elliptical miniature loudspeakers. An earbud and insert earphones are also designed, simulated, and experimented. The effect of leakages through earphones on the response due to vent and sound hole (for earbud) and vent, back leakage hole, and front leakage hole (for insert) is estimated. Variability of frequency response and total harmonic distortion of earbud earphone due to placement of earphone in concha is also evaluated. Additionally, twelve earbud earphones for frequency response and total harmonic distortion are evaluated. For social concern, the possibility of hearing loss due to sound pressure level generated by earphones and headphones is also probed.

Acknowledgment.........................................................................................................................i
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................iii
Contents....................................................................................................................................iv
List of Figures...........................................................................................................................vii
List of Tables............................................................................................................................xii
Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................1
1.2 ELECTROACOUSTIC TRANSDUCER.........................................................................1
1.2.1 MICROPHONE..................................................................................................2
1.2.1.1 History.....................................................................................................2
1.2.1.2 Types......................................................................................................3
1.2.1.3 Specifications..........................................................................................3
1.2.1.4 Electret-Condenser Microphone..............................................................4
1.2.2 LOUDSPEAKER................................................................................................5
1.2.2.1 History.....................................................................................................6
1.2.2.2 Types......................................................................................................7
1.2.2.3 Specifications..........................................................................................7
1.2.2.4 Typical Loudspeaker...............................................................................8
1.2.2.5 Typical Miniature Loudspeaker................................................................8
1.2.3 EARPHONE.....................................................................................................10
1.2.3.1 Earbud Earphone..................................................................................11
1.2.3.2 Insert Earphone.....................................................................................11
1.2.3.3 Supra-Aural Headphone........................................................................12
1.3 HUMAN HEARING, EQUAL LOUDNESS CONTOURS, AND HEARING LOSS.........13
1.3.1 HUMAN HEARING...........................................................................................14
1.3.2 EQUAL LOUDNESS CONTOURS (ELC).........................................................14
1.3.3 HEARING LOSS..............................................................................................15
1.4 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION AND INTERMODULATION DISTORTION..........16
1.5 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL (DYNAMIC ANALOGY)………................................18
1.5.1 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS......................................................................................18
1.5.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING.........................................................................18
1.5.2.1 Electrical Analogy..................................................................................19
1.5.2.2 Mechanical Analogy..............................................................................19
1.5.2.3 Acoustical Analogy................................................................................19
1.6 OBJECTIVE AND OUTLINE OF THESIS...................................................................22
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................27
2.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................27
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW FOR MICROPHONE............................................................27
2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW FOR LOUDSPEAKERS........................................................29
2.4 LITERATURE REVIEW FOR EARPHONE AND HEARING LOSS.............................31
CHAPTER 3 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE...........................................................................34
3.1 MICRO-TENSILE TEST MACHINE MEASUREMENTS..............................................35
3.1.1 MICRO-TENSILE TEST MACHINE (MTS TYTRON 250)................................35
3.1.2 TESTING OF MICROPHONE DIAPHRAGM MATERIAL.................................35
3.1.3 MICRO-TENSILE TESTING FOR FORCE FACTOR.......................................38
3.2 LASER VIBROMETRY MEASUREMENTS.................................................................38
3.3 FREQUENCY RESPONSE MEASUREMENTS..........................................................43
3.4 MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENT.........................................................................50
CHAPTER 4 MICROPHONE MODELING, SIMULATION, RESULT, AND DISCUSSION........55
4.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................55
4.2 ECM OF MICROPHONE............................................................................................55
4.3 MICROPHONE POLARIZATION................................................................................57
4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION....................................................................................58
4.4.1 ECM MODELING OF MICROPHONE..............................................................58
4.4.2 MICROPHONE POLARIZATION.....................................................................63
CHAPTER 5 LOUDSPEAKER MODELING, SIMULATION, RESULT, AND DISCUSSION......69
5.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................69
5.2 WOOFER MODELING...............................................................................................69
5.2.1 LOUDSOFT SIMULATION (FINEMOTOR AND FINECONE)..........................70
5.2.2 THEORETICAL MODELING OF WOOFER.....................................................71
5.3 MINIATURE LOUDSPEAKER MODELING.................................................................72
5.3.1 THEORETICAL MODELING OF MINIATURE LOUDSPEAKER......................72
5.3.2 MINIATURE LOUDSPEAKER IN DEVICE.......................................................74
5.3.3 THD OF CIRCULAR MINIATURE LOUDSPEAKER (ML2)..............................75
5.3.3.1 Stiffness Non-Linearity..........................................................................76
5.3.3.2 Force Factor Non-Linearity....................................................................77
5.3.3.3 Analytical Formulation for THD..............................................................78
5.3.3.4 Finite Element Formulation....................................................................79
5.3.4 THD OF ELLIPTICAL MINIATURE LOUDSPEAKER (ML3).............................80
5.3.4.1 Stiffness Non-Linearity..........................................................................80
5.3.4.2 Force Factor Non-Linearity....................................................................80
5.3.4.3 Analytical Formulation for THD..............................................................80
5.3.4.4 Finite Element Formulation....................................................................80
5.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION....................................................................................81
5.4.1 10” WOOFER..................................................................................................81
5.4.2 MINIATURE LOUDSPEAKER (ML1)................................................................85
5.4.3 MINIATURE LOUDSPEAKER (ML1) WITH FIXTURE TUBE...........................92
5.4.4 THD OF CIRCULAR MINIATURE LOUDSPEAKER (ML2)…...........................93
5.4.5 THD OF ELLIPTICAL MINIATURE LOUDSPEAKER (ML3)….......................100
CHAPTER 6 EARPHONE MODELING, SIMULATION, RESULT, AND DISCUSSION...........107
6.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................107
6.2 EARBUD EARPHONE MODELING..........................................................................107
6.3 INSERT EARPHONE MODELING............................................................................110
6.4 EFFECT OF SPONGE, POSITION, AND INPUT VOLUME ON EARBUD EARPHONE RESPONSE..............................................................................................................112
6.5 HEARING LOSS.......................................................................................................113
6.6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..................................................................................114
6.6.1 EARBUD EARPHONE...................................................................................114
6.6.2 INSERT EARPHONE.....................................................................................126
6.6.3 HEARING LOSS............................................................................................131
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK......................................138
7.1 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................138
7.1.1 MICROPHONE CONCLUSIONS...................................................................138
7.1.2 LOUDSPEAKER CONCLUSIONS.................................................................138
7.1.3 EARPHONE CONCLUSIONS........................................................................140
7.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK.................................................................................141
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................142
LIST OF PUBLICATION.........................................................................................................150
A. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL PAPERS......................................................................150
B. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE PAPERS..............................................................151
BIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................153

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