臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來過敏疾病盛行率逐年增加，過敏的原因很多可能為遺傳、環境或其他因子，其致病機制與體內傾向於較強的第二型輔助型 T 細胞免疫反應（type II helper cell response, Th2）有關。鋁使用於疫苗佐劑已有八十年以上的歷史，鋁鹽使得疫苗的功用更為有效，主要引起以體液型免疫為主，活化Th2細胞。新生兒配方乳較母乳含有較高量的鋁，雖然鋁之吸收率相當的低 (＜0.3 %)，但嬰幼兒腎功能尚未發育完全，代謝體內鋁的效果可能受到影響。另外，麥芽醇為合法的食品增味劑，對於鋁具有高度親和力，可能增強人體消化道對鋁的吸收。因此，本研究主要探討體內若有較高的鋁幼鼠是否會影響其免疫反應，發展成為易過敏的體質。實驗一，比較麥芽醇鋁與氯化鋁之吸收率:將三天大新生SD幼鼠，連續14天分別管餵不同物質：控制組 (0.9 % NaCl)、麥芽醇組 (0.08% matol)、麥芽醇鋁組 (1.3 µg Al/g b.wt/day) 及氯化鋁組 (1.3 µg Al/g b.wt/day)，每天管餵兩次，連續注射14天，在18天齡時進行犧牲，取血液及臟器測定組織及血清中鋁含量。結果顯示，麥芽醇鋁組血鋁較其他三組高。因此，後續實驗選擇使用麥芽醇鋁處理。實驗二，將三天大之新生 SD 幼鼠繼續由母鼠餵哺，每天管餵 (gavage) 兩次，分別給予生理食鹽水 (控制組，C)、 0.08% 麥芽醇 (麥芽醇組, M) 及 1.3 μg Al/g b.wt/day 麥芽醇鋁 (麥芽醇鋁組,Al)；至3週斷奶後繼續以含鋁低的粉末飼料 (AIN93G) 餵養，並於飲水分別供應DI水 (控制組，C)、0.035% 麥芽醇 (麥芽醇組, M) 或25 mg Al/L 麥芽醇鋁 (麥芽醇鋁組, Al)。於7週齡時腹腔注射卵白蛋白 (ovalbumin, OVA)/TiterMax Gold 佐劑誘發幼鼠適應性免疫反應。於動物3、6及12週齡時取血液及測定血液抗體含量 (IgG、IgM、IgA、IgE)。12週齡時，犧牲動物並收集血液、腸道、各臟器及腸繫膜淋巴結 (mesenteric lymph node, MLN)，分析血液中抗體及抗原專一的IgG及IgE等抗體量，脾臟淋巴細胞及MLN細胞增生能力及細胞激素分泌量。結果顯示，餵食麥芽醇鋁12週後，麥芽醇鋁組體重顯著低於控制組，且麥芽醇鋁組之脾臟相對體重的比值顯著較高。同時，麥芽醇鋁組在血鋁及臟器中的鋁濃度皆顯著高於其他2組。就全身免疫指標而言，麥芽醇鋁會使血清免疫球蛋白 IgG 濃度下降；但脾臟細胞分泌細胞激素及細胞增生程度各組間皆無顯著差異。此外，麥芽醇鋁組腸均質液中 IgA含量較低，但MLN細胞增生及細胞激素之分泌相較於其他2組皆無顯著差異。綜合以上結果可知，麥芽醇鋁吸收率較氯化鋁佳，且餵食麥芽醇鋁12週體內鋁含量確實顯著的上升，並會改變免疫反應，但在此組織及血液鋁濃度下，並沒有使免疫反應偏向Th2。

The prevalence of allergy has been related to genetic and environmental factors which are responsible for the predisposition and expression of allergy. The allergic reactions are associated with the stronger type 2 T helper cell (Th2) response. Aluminum salts have been used as common adjuvants in vaccines for 80 years. Aluminum salt makes the vaccine more effective, and mainly induces the humoral immunity which activates Th2 response. The aluminum content of infant formula is higher than the breast milk. Although the absorption of dietary Al is low (<0.3%), Al metabolism in the body may be affected in neonates who have immature kidneys. On the other hand, maltol is a legal flavor enhancer and has a high affinity with Al, which may enhance the Al absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the present study aimed to understand the effects of Al on immune system of neonates, and whether those animals with higher plasma and/or tissues Al levels are more susceptible to specific antigen. The purpose of the first experiment is to compare the absorption of aluminum maltolate with aluminum chloride, done by a gavage animal model. Three-day-old pups were divided into four groups with gavage twice a day of 0 (Control, C), 0 (Maltol, M), 1.3 (Al maltolate, ALM) and 1.3 (Al chloride, AlCl3) µg Al/g b.wt/day respectively for 14 days. Then, blood, liver and brain were collected for analysis. Results showed that Al levels in serum and tissues of animals in ALM were the highest among 4 groups. In the second experiment, 3-day-old pups were divided into three groups with gavage of 0 (Control, C), 0 (Maltol, M) and 1.3 (Al maltolate, ALM) µg Al/g b.wt/day respectively. After weaning, animals were continuously fed with semi-purified diet (AIN93G) through drinking water provided DI water, maltol (0.035%) water and aluminum maltolate (25 mg/L) water respectively throughout the experiment period. OVA/TiterMax Gold adjuvant-immunization were intra- peritoneally injected to rats at 7-week of age. Blood samples were collected at the ages of 3, 6 , 12 week respectively. At the age of 12-week, animals were sacrificed, followed by collection of blood, liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) for analysis. Cell proliferation and cytokine concentration of splenocyte and MLN lymphocyte were also measured. Results showed body weight of the rats significantly decreased in ALM group. The ratio of spleen weight/body weight in the ALM group was the highest among 3 groups. The Al concentration of organs and serum in the ALM group were highest among 3 groups. In the systemic immunity, the level of IgG was significantly lowest in ALM group. There was no significant difference of cell proliferation or cytokine concentrations of splenocytes among experimental groups. Meanwhile, the level of IgA in homogenized intestine fluid was significantly lowest in ALM group. There was no significant of cell proliferation or cytokine concentrations of MLN among 3 groups. In conclusions, dietary Al maltolate with Al level equivalents to infant formula seems to be better absorbed than AlCl3 by neonatal pups. Al contents in serum, spleen, liver, and kidney were significantly elevated with dietary Al-maltolate treatment for 12 weeks. In addition, the higher Al content in the body indeed changed the immune responses, however, there was no sign of the immune response toward Th2 under the blood and tissues Al levels in this study.

第一章 前言 1
第二章 文獻回顧
一、鋁
(一) 鋁的來源 2
(二) 鋁的吸收排泄 3
二、合法的食品添加物麥芽醇 4
三、免疫系統
(一) 免疫反應 5
(二) 新生兒免疫系統 6
(三) 細胞激素與免疫球蛋白
1.免疫球蛋白 7
2.細胞激素概述 7
四、過敏反應
(一) 過敏的簡介 9
(二) 過敏的致病機轉 9
五、鋁與免疫反應
(一) 鋁佐劑 10
(二) 鋁與免疫 11
第三章 研究目的 14
第四章 材料與方法
一、實驗動物 15
二、實驗設計與分組
(一) 實驗一---管餵不同的鋁型式對幼鼠鋁含量之影響 15
(二) 實驗二---餵食麥芽醇鋁對大鼠免疫反應之影響 15
(三) 鋁給予的方式 16
三、各項指標分析方法
(一) 動物致免模式 19
(二) 動物犧牲 19
(三) 脾臟及腸道細胞培養上清液之收集 22
(四) 腸道均質液之取得 24
(五) 血清及各組織鋁之測定 24
(六) 免疫球蛋白含量分析 26
(七) 淋巴細胞增生反應分析 27
(八) 細胞激素含量分析 27
四、統計方法 28
第五章 結果
實驗一
一、管餵不同的鋁型式對幼鼠生長及臟器重之影響 29
二、管餵不同的鋁型式對幼鼠血清、肝臟及組織中的鋁含量之影響 29
實驗二
一、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠生長之影響 29
二、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週後SD鼠血清及組織中鋁含量 30
三、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週後對SD鼠先天免疫之影響
(一) 餵食麥芽醇鋁12週後對SD鼠血清中抗體分泌量之影響 30
(二) 餵食麥芽醇鋁12週後對SD鼠脾臟細胞增生之影響 31
(三) 餵食麥芽醇鋁12週後對SD鼠脾臟細胞分泌細胞激素及其Th1/Th2 ratio 之影響 31
四、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週後對SD鼠適應性免疫之影響
(一) 餵食麥芽醇鋁12週後對SD鼠血清中OVA-IgG專一性抗體分泌量之影響 31
(二) 餵食麥芽醇鋁12週後對SD鼠脾臟細胞經OVA刺激後增生之影響 31
五、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠腸道免疫之影響
(一) 餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠 MLN 淋巴細胞增生之影響 32
(二) 餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠腸道均質液中 IgA 抗體分泌量之影響 32
(三) 餵食麥芽醇鋁12週後對SD鼠MLN細胞分泌細胞激素及其Th1/Th2 ratio 之影響 32
(四) 餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠腸道適應性免疫之影響 33
第六章 討論
一、管餵不同鋁型式對幼鼠生長之影響 34
二、攝食麥芽醇鋁對大鼠血液中鋁含量之影響 34
三、攝食麥芽醇鋁對臟器中鋁含量之影響 35
四、鋁對於免疫細胞之影響 36
五、鋁對免疫球蛋白之影響 39
六、鋁對腸道免疫系統之影響 40
七、餵食麥芽醇鋁對適應性免疫的影響 40
第七章 結論 41
第八章 參考文獻 42
表目錄
表一、免疫球蛋白 7
表二、細胞激素 8
表三、管餵不同型式的鋁對幼鼠體重之影響 54
表四、管餵不同鋁型式對幼鼠各臟器重及臟器相對體重百分比之影響 55
表五、管餵不同鋁型式十四天幼鼠血清及組織中鋁的濃度 56
表六、餵食麥芽醇鋁SD鼠體重變化 57
表七、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週SD鼠各臟器重及臟器相對體重百分比 58
表八、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週SD鼠血鋁濃度變化 59
表九、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週SD鼠血清及組織鋁濃度 60
表十、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠脾臟細胞細胞激素分泌量及Th1/Th2 ratio之影響 61
表十一、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠MLN細胞細胞激素分泌量及Th1/Th2 ratio之影響 62
圖目錄
圖一、實驗設計與流程圖 (實驗一) 63
圖二、實驗設計與流程圖 (實驗二) 64
圖三、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週SD鼠血清中抗體分泌量 65
圖四、血清鋁濃度與IgG之相關性 66
圖五、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠脾臟B細胞 (A) 及T細胞 (B) 增生反應之影響 67
圖六、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週SD鼠血清中 OVA-IgG 專一性抗體分泌量 68
圖七、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠脾臟細胞經OVA刺激後增生之影響 69
圖八、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠MLN淋巴細胞經 PMA 刺激後增生之影響 70
圖九、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週SD鼠腸道均質液中IgA抗體分泌量 71
圖十、血清鋁濃度與腸道均質液中IgA之相關性 72
圖十一、餵食麥芽醇鋁12週對SD鼠MLN淋巴細胞經OVA刺激後增生之影響 73
圖十二、Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) 的形成，對身體造成的傷害 37
附錄
A、無焰原子吸光分析鋁之條件 74

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