臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

為了結構物的永續發展，本文針對擋土牆的CO2排放量，蒐集重力式擋土牆、懸臂式擋土牆及加勁擋土牆(GRSR)在建築材料的製造過程、運輸過程及建造過程的排放資料；另外蒐集不同地區的排放係數，以便了解以上三個階段對於排放量的影響及如何選擇排放係數。

CO2排放總量對於三種擋土設施而言皆跟牆高有關，儘管建材及建造過程不同，懸臂式擋土牆跟加勁擋土牆的排放總量非常相近。牆高對於牆面上每平方公尺之CO2排放量的影響只在重力式跟懸臂式擋土牆展現出來。

建築材料的製造過程是CO2最主要的排放來源，尤以混凝土製程為甚；運輸及建造過程的排放量則相對不大。根據不同的建築環境、資料收集方法、建材處理方式及資料計算方法可以選出相應的最大及最小排放係數。

To encourage sustainable development for constructions, sustainable components such as energy consumption or emission of greenhouse gases needs to be quantified. This paper is an effort to examine the CO2 emission associated with soil retaining wall constructions. The parameters considered are material manufacture, transportation and installation and the assessment criterion is the quantification of CO2 emission. To account for various regions, minimum and maximum emission factors were used.
The objectives are to investigate CO2 emission associated with gravity wall, cantilever wall and Geosynthetic Reinforced Segmental Retaining Wall (GRSR) constructions, to understand the relative influence that the parameters have on CO2 emission and to justify the reason for selection of different emission factors. Total CO2 emission and wall height are directly related for the three types of walls. CO2 emission per square meter of wall and wall height are directly related for gravity and cantilever walls but for GRSR wall they remain consistent to each other.
Material manufacture has the most influence on CO2 emission compared to transportation and installation, and concrete played a major role in that influence. The cantilever and GRSR walls are relatively comparable despite differences in types of materials and construction procedures. The difference in minimum and maximum values for the emission factors relates to regional differences, specifically, data collection method, material processing method, and data calculation method.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………….…………………...I
摘要……………………………………………………………………………………..II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………..……..III
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………..………..IV
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….VII
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………XI
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION………………………………………...…………1
1.1 Research Background - Overview of Soil Retaining Wall Construction…..…..1
1.2 Motivation of the Research – The Need for Sustainable Systems..……………2
1.3 Objective and Scope……………………………………………….…………...6
1.4 Research Method and Process……………………………………….…………8
1.5 Thesis Structure……………………………………………………...…...…….9
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………..…….11
2.1 The Act of Civil Construction…………………………………………..……...11
2.2 Overview of Soil Retaining Wall Construction Practices – Past and Present….11
2.2.1 Gravity Retaining Walls…………………………………………….....13
2.2.2 Cantilever Retaining Walls………………………………………...…..15
2.2.3 The Use of Geosynthetics in Soil Retaining Structures………...……..18
2.2.4 Geosynthetic Reinforced Segmental Reinforced Wall (GRSR)……….21
2.3 Research Papers Comparing Retaining Walls………………………………….23
2.3.1 Reduction of CO2 by a Vegetated Wrap-around Geosynthetic
Reinforced Wall…………………………………………………….....24
2.3.2 The Estimation of CO2 Emission of Mechanically Stabilized
Earth Wall in a Life Cycle Assessment………………………………25
2.3.3 Reduction of Climate-damaging Gases in Geotechnical
Engineering by use of Geosynthetics………………………………….27
2.3.4 Embodied Energy and Gas Emissions of Retaining Wall Structures….29
2.3.5 Inventory Data and Case Studies for Environmental
Performance Evaluation of Concrete Structure Construction…………34
2.4 Other Relevant Research Data.…………………………………………………37
2.4.1 CO2 Emissions Data……………………………………………………37
2.5 CO2 Emissions in Manufacturing, Transportation and Handling
Geosynthetics…………………………………………………………………52
2.5.1 Methodology……………………………………………………………53
2.5.2 CO2 Emission Factors Polyolefin……………………………………….54
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS USED FOR SOIL RETAINING WALLS….………58
3.1 Towards a Sustainable Method – Identifying Key Parameters.……….…………58
3.2 Wall Design and Specifications………………………….………………………60
3.2.1 Materials for Gravity Wall Construction………………………………..61
3.2.2 Materials for Cantilever Wall Construct.………………………………..64
3.2.3 Materials for Geosynthetic Reinforced Segmental Retaining
Wall Construction……………………………………………………..73
CHAPTER FOUR MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND COMPARISON……………..….79
4.1 Defining the Boundary of the Study.....................................................................79
4.2 Selecting the CO2 Emission Factors......................................................................80
4.2.1 Gravity and Cantilever Walls……..……………………………………..81
4.2.2 Geosynthetic Reinforced Segmental Retaining Wall ……….…………..83
4.3 Calculations to Determine the Total CO2 emissions..............................................86
4.3.1 CO2 Emissions for Gravity Wall………………………………………...86
4.3.2 CO2 Emission for Cantilever Wall………………………………………94
4.3.3 CO2 Emission for Geosynthetic Reinforced Segmental
Retaining Wall (GRSR)……..…………………………………………101
4.4 Summary and Interpretation of the Results…………………………………….108
4.4.1 Total CO2 Emission from Gravity, Cantilever ＆ GRSR Walls…..…….108
4.4.2 CO2 Emission per Sq. Meter for Gravity, Cantilever ＆ GRSR Walls….110
4.4.3 CO2 Emission as Percentage of Total Minimum and Maximum…….....111
4.4.4 Relative Influence of Parameters on Total CO2 Emission……………..112
4.4.5 Min and Max CO2 Emission and the Reason for Differences………….115
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION...................................................................................118
5.1 Conclusion……………………............................................................................118
5.2 Recommendations for Future Study ..……………………………………….....121
REFERENCES………………………………….…………………………………..…..122

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