臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來雷達干涉技術迅速發展，並廣泛地應用於各種地表探測。DInSAR技術可用於偵測短時間內地表較大的變動，在理想條件下精度可達到cm等級；然而對於長時間地表緩慢的變動（例如臺灣之地層下陷），使用長時間基線之SAR影像可能使同調性降低而無法得到良好的結果。永久散射體雷達干涉測量法（PSInSAR）可找出可穩定反射雷達波之PS（Persistent Scatterer）點，這些點可提供良好相位資訊，提高PSInSAR的計算精度，多篇研究成果指出PSInSAR的計算精度可達到mm/yr等級。
為獲取可靠的PSInSAR成果，本文提出利用測量上多餘觀測的技巧，使用取樣時間起終範圍相同之同一批SAR影像，組成不同的影像對組合分別計算得到多組PSInSAR成果，當作多餘觀測，並由這些PSInSAR成果之變異程度，檢核PSInSAR計算成果的可靠度與精密度。
本文使用ALOS PALSAR影像組成七個影像對組合計算雲林虎尾地區12 km×12 km範圍的地表變動速度，並依照水準點與PS點同時出現的位置分成七個區域進行比較。結果顯示距離基準點1500 m內之PSInSAR計算結果與七組結果之平均比較得到RMSD可達到1.0 cm/yr以內；距離基準點大於3000 m之PSInSAR計算成果，其RMSD為1.0 cm/yr至3.5 cm/yr之間，整體PSInSAR計算之精密度約達到1.89 cm/yr。使用單一個影像對組合得到之PSInSAR計算成果與地真資料比較得到整體RMSD約為1.53 cm/yr；而使用所有PSInSAR計算成果之平均成果與地真資料進行比較則得到RMSD為0.71 cm/yr。結果顯示本文提出的具多餘觀測的PSInSAR方法不只可以評估單一組PSInSAR計算成果之精密度，透過多組PSInSAR成果的平均計算，可以得到精確度更高且更可靠的成果，此也顯示了ALOS PALSAR影像於臺灣地區地表變動監測的可用性。

In the past years, radar interferometry techniques have been developed well and are widely used to ground change monitoring or terrain deformation detection. DInSAR can be used to estimate ground displacement occurred during a short time interval, and the accuracy can reach to cm level under some proper conditions. However, it is difficult for DInSAR to determine a low-velocity deformation due to temporal decorrelation which deteriorates the coherence of two SAR images. PSInSAR technique can be used to extract persistent scatterers(PSs) and then to determine the displacement velocities on them. The phase quality of these PSs is better than other scatterers so that the accuracy of PSInSAR can be improved effectively. Many studies indicate that the accuracy of PSInSAR can achieve mm/yr level.
This thesis proposes a method that uses the concept of redundant observations in survey engineering for acquiring a reliable result determined by PSInSAR. This method applies the same group of SAR images which are acquired in the same time duration to provide several combinations of image pairs, and then we use these combinations of image pairs to generate several sets of PSInSAR results with redundancy. Checking the variation of these results can determine the precision and the reliability of PSInSAR results.
In the tests of this thesis, ALOS PALSAR images are used to provide seven combinations of image pairs and to determine the displacement velocities on PSs in an area of about 12 km×12 km in Huwei, Yunlin. The results determined by PSInSAR are compared with ground truth data in seven areas where both PSs and benchmarks are located. By comparing each PSInSAR result with the average of seven PSInSAR results in the seven areas, the RMSD is smaller than 1.0cm/yr when the distance between the datum point and PSs is less than 1500 m, and the RMSD ranges from 1.0 cm/yr to 3.5 cm/yr when the distance is larger than 3000 m. The average precision of the PSInSAR results is 1.89 cm/yr. By comparing the result determined by a single combination of image pairs with the ground truth data, the RMSD is about 1.53 cm/yr. By comparing average of seven PSInSAR results with the ground truth data, the RMSD is about 0.71 cm/yr. These results show that the PSInSAR method with redundant observations can not only be used to check the precision of a result determined by a single combination of image pairs but also get a result with better accuracy and reliability by averaging the PSInSAR results. Additionally, the results also show the applicability of ALOS PALSAR images for monitoring the ground deformation in Taiwan.

摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 IV
目錄 V
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
§1-1 動機與目的 1
§1-2 文獻回顧 2
§1-2-1 雷達系統之發展 2
§1-2-2 合成孔徑雷達干涉技術之發展 3
§1-2-3 PSInSAR之發展 5
§1-3 論文架構 8
第二章 雷達基本原理 9
§2-1 側視雷達 9
§2-1-1 距離解析度 12
§2-1-2 方位解析度 13
§2-2 合成孔徑雷達 15
§2-3 雷達成像的幾何特性 17
§2-3-1 斜距尺度變形（Slant-Range Scale Distortion） 17
§2-3-2 高差移位（Relief Displacement） 18
§2-4 雷達訊號的傳輸特性 21
§2-5 地表特性對雷達回波之影響 22
第三章 雷達干涉技術 24
§3-1 合成孔徑雷達干涉法 24
§3-1-1 InSAR干涉幾何 24
§3-1-2 平坦化處理 27
§3-1-3 相位雜訊過濾 28
§3-1-4 相位復原 29
§3-2 合成孔徑雷達差分干涉法 30
§3-2-1 差分干涉幾何 30
§3-2-2 差分干涉的方法 32
§3-3 永久散射體合成孔徑雷達干涉法 34
§3-3-1 PS候選點之挑選與建立關聯 34
§3-3-2 線性變動速度之計算 36
§3-3-3 非線性變動速度之計算 39
§3-4 具多餘觀測之永久散射體合成孔徑雷達干涉法 40
第四章 使用ALOS影像進行地表變形監測 43
§4-1 ALOS衛星簡介 43
§4-2 計算影像 45
§4-3 PSInSAR計算流程 46
§4-4 計算區域 49
§4-5 選擇合適影像 50
§4-6 挑選PSC 54
§4-7 地表變動之計算成果與分析 55
§4-7-1 地表變動速度方向之換算 55
§4-7-2 水準測量資料 59
§4-7-3 PSInSAR成果與地真資料的比較與分析 64
§4-8 以多影像對組合進行PSInSAR計算精度評估 70
§4-9 PSInSAR成果精度與相關因子之關聯性分析 78
§4-10 討論 81
§4-10-1 具多餘觀測的PSInSAR法達成之目標 81
§4-10-2 地表水平變動與垂直變動對斜距方向變動之貢獻量 82
§4-10-3 豐枯水期對地層下陷之影響 84
第五章 結論與建議 86
參考文獻 89

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