臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
過去針對學術寫作的相關研究皆一再強調文類分析(genre analysis)對於學術寫作的重要性，它能夠幫助學生了解個別學科的文類特質，因此使得學生能夠成功地寫出符合其學科要求的文章 (例如: Flowerdew, 2005; Hyland, 2006; Peacock, 2002; Salager-Meyer, 2008)。此外，有越來越多非以英文授課的博士班訂定出學生得在國際性期刊中發表的畢業門檻。然而，有關全面性針對學術期刊中的宏觀結構( macrostructure)及微觀結構 (microstructure)的相關研究極少，對於以英文為母語者及非母語者的文類對比研究更是微乎其微。因此，有鑒於台灣商科博士生的發表需求及為補足過去文獻的不足之處，本文旨在探討及分析國際性商科期刊中的宏觀結構、微觀結構及以英文為母語者及非母語者所發表的期刊中的文類異同。
本研究藉由六十篇商科期刊論文建構語料庫，以語料庫及文類分析之方法探討三個層面: (1)以文步分析 (move analysis) 探討語料庫中文章緒論的宏觀結構，(2) 以後設言談分析 ( metadiscourse analsysis) 探討語料庫中文章緒論的微觀結構，(3)以對比分析 (contrastive analysis)探討語料庫中以英文為母語者及英文為非母語者所發表的期刊中的宏觀結構及微觀結構的異同。文步分析結果顯示“確定研究範圍”(establishing a territory) 出現頻率最高，和“說明目前研究”(presenting the present study)使用頻率次之，“建立研究領域”(establishing a niche)的使用頻率最少。最常使用的次文步(steps)為“文獻回顧/主題說明”(review literature or present topic generalizations)、“描述當前研究”(announcing present research descriptively and/ or purposively) 及“指出核心價值”(central claiming)。而出現評率最高的次文步則為“文獻回顧/主題說明”(review literature or present topic generalizations)、“描述當前研究”(announcing present research descriptively and/ or purposively)、及“摘要研究方法” (summarizing methods)。
而後設言談分析的結果顯示交互式後設言談(interactive resources)的使用比例比互動式後設言談(interactional resources)略高。在交互式後設言談中，轉折語(transitions)、示證詞(evidentials)、標記詞(Frame markers)使用頻率最高，而在互動式後設言談中則是自稱語(self- mentions)、強制限制語(boosters)、模糊限制語(hedges)則出現頻率最高。
對比分析結果則指出以英文為母語者及為非母語者在使用文步及次文步上差異不大。兩者間唯一較大的差異在於使用“文獻回顧/主題說明”(review literature or present topic generalizations)此次文步上，英文為非母語者較常以此次文步“建立研究領域”。而在後設言談中，除了自稱語(self- mentions)之外，英文為非母語者相較之下用了較多的交互式後設言談及互動式後設言談，尤其是在使用交互式後設言談上，他們大量的使用了轉折語及示證詞。
本研究致力探討及研究對於商科學術期刊的文類，提供老師在教學上更多的課程及教材設計，進而幫助英語為非母語學生建立學術寫作基模以寫出更符合該科學術言談需求的文章。

ABSTRACT
Past researches have been pointing out and emphasizing the importance of genre analysis in an English for Academic Purpose (EAP) course to help students acquire the specific genres they need to perform successfully in their disciplines and professional contexts (e.g. Flowerdew, 2005; Hyland, 2006; Peacock, 2002; Salager- Meyer, 2008). In addition, an increasing number of non-English medium doctoral programs are adopting a policy that each doctoral student need to publish in internationally referred journals as a graduation requirement. Nevertheless, few related studies were done focusing on investigating both macrostructures and microstructures of research articles in the same time. Besides, still little attention has been drawn upon the NS/NNS variation views of subject specialists concerning the genre in RAs. Given that the studies and the related theories have a lack of findings in helping EFL business doctoral students in academic writing publishing, a contrastive investigation is needed to establish a systematic analysis of macrostructures and microstructures in the business journals articles.
The aim of the current study was to provide a detailed investigation and NS/ NNS comparison of the macrostructure and microstructure in the business RAs. To achieve this goal, a corpus was compiled from sixty major business journals. The genre- and corpus- based approach was conducted in three parts— a move analysis to examine macrostructures of introduction sections in the selected RAs, a metadiscourse analysis to explore the use of metadiscourse in the selected RAs, and two contrastive analyses to compare and contrast the macrostructure and microstructure in the business RAs written by the NNS and NS.
The results of the move analysis indicated that the most frequent move being used was Move 1 (establishing a territory), followed by Move 3 (presenting the present Study) and Move 2 (establishing a niche). The top three steps that most RA in the corpora include are RT (review literature or present topic generalizations), AP (announcing present research descriptively and/ or purposively), and CC (central claiming) while the top three steps that appeared most frequently were RT (review literature or present topic generalizations), AP (announcing present research descriptively and/ or purposively), and SM (summarizing methods).
In terms of the use of metadiscourse, authors of business RAs used slightly more interactive resources than interactional ones. Specifically speaking, transitions, evidentials, and Frame markers were the top three categories being used in Interactive resources; in addition, self-mentions, boosters, and hedges were the top three categories in interactional resources.
Regarding variation between the two groups of writers, the results of the contrastive analyses indicated that the business RAs written by NS and NNS writers were similar in the use of moves and sub- moves (move steps). Moreover, the results of a contrastive analysis on the two resources of metadiscourse reported that NNS tend to use more interactive resources but fewer interactional resources than NS. The biggest variation in the use of metadiscourse between the two corpora was indeed self-mentions, which were used 662 more times in NS corpus. Specifically, besides self-mentions, all subcategories in both interactive resources and interactional resources appeared more in the NNS articles than in the NS ones.
The finding of the current study should contribute to the understanding of the macrostructure and the microstructures in business research articles. They may provide a clearer guideline for teachers of EAP or advanced writing courses to question and accordingly revise their instructions to assist non-native speakers building up their own schemata on writing academic articles to control their writing practices more effectively to fulfill the convictions and expectations of their discourse communities.

ABSTRACT (CHINESE) i
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iii
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xiii

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Rationale of the Study 5
Purposes of the Study 6
Research Questions 7
Significance of the Study 8
Definition of Terms 9

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 12
English for Academic Purpose 13
The Development of EAP 15
Need Analysis 16
English for Research Publication Purpose 17
Genre Analysis for Academic Writing 18
Macrostructures - Move Analysis 19
Major Works on Move Analysis 24
Major Works Focusing on Introduction 25
Related Studies of Contrastive Move Analysis of
RAs by the NS and NNS 27
Related Studies on Move Analysis in Taiwan 32
Microstructures - Metadiscourse 35
The Major Works on Metadiscourse 39
Studies on Interactive Metadiscourse 39
Studies on Interactional　Metadiscourse 41
Summary of the section 41
Related Studies of Contrastive Metadiscourse Analysis of　RAs by NS and NNS 41
Related Studies on Metadiscourse in Taiwan 44
Summary 46

CHAPTER THREE METHOLODGY 47
The Corpora 47
Data Analysis 48
Move Analysis 49
Metadiscourse Analysis 51
Contrastive Analyses of the Use of Moves and　Metadiscourse 54
The Pilot Study 54
Method of the Pilot Study 55
Results of the Pilot Study 55
Reflecting on the Pilot Study 56

CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS and DISCUSSIONS 58
Move Analysis of the Business Introductions 58
Results of the Use of Macrostructures in the　Business Introductions 58
Number of RAs Containing Each Move and Step 59
Ranking of the steps in the business journals 61
Move Patterns of the Business Introductions 62
Discussion on the Use of Moves in the Business Introductions 64
Move 1 in the Business Introductions 64
Move 2 in the Business Introductions 65
Move 3 in the Business Introductions 65
Move Patterns and Cycling of Moves　in the Business Introductions 66
Metadiscourse Analysis on the Business Introductions 67
Results of the use of Metadiscourse　in the Business Introductions 67
Use of Interactive Resources 68
Use of Interactional Resources 70
Discussions of the Use of Metadiscourse　in the Business Introductions 72
Use of Interactive Metadiscourse　in the Business Introductions 72
Use of Interactional Metadiscourse　in the Business Introductions 73
Contrastive Move Analysis on the Macrostructures　of the Business Introductions 74
Results of the Contrastive Analysis of Macrostructures between Introductions of the NS and NNS 74
Use of the Moves and the Steps between the Two Corpora 74
Use of the numbers of the RAs Containing Each Step between the Two Corpora 76
Frequency of Steps in the Two Corpora 76
Ranking of Steps between the Two Corpora 77
Move Patterns Comparison between the Two Corpora 78
Discussions of the Contrastive Analysis of Macrostructure between the Introductions of the NS and NNS Corpora 79
Contrastive Analysis on the Microstructures　of the Business Introductions 82
Results of the Contrastive Analysis on Metadiscourse 82
Use of the Metadiscourse Markers between the Two Corpora 82
Difference in the Use of Devices in Interactive　Resources 83
Difference in the Use of Devices in Interactional　Resources 86
Discussions of the Contrastive Analysis on Metadiscourse 90
The Use in Interactive Resources between the NS and NNS Corpora 90
The Use in Interactional Resources between the NS and NNS Corpora 91
Summary 91

CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION 93
Summary of the current study 93
Major Moves Used in the Business Journals 93
Use of Metadiscourse in the Business Journals 94
Contrastive analyses between the NS and NNS corpora 95
Pedagogical Implication and Application 96
Limitations and Suggestions for Future Study 97
Concluding Remarks 98
REFERENCES 101
APPENDIX 113
Appendix A Sources of the Texts 113
Appendix B Swales’(1990) CARS Model 121
Appendix C Swales’ (2004) Revised CARS Model for
RA Introductions 122
Appendix D Samraj’s (2002) Revision of CARS Model 123
Appendix E Hyland’s (2004) Model of Metadiscourse
in Academic Texts 124
Appendix F Word Lists in Hyland’s (2004) Metadiscourse Model 125



LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. The CARS Model for RA Introductions 20
Table 2.2. Samraj’s (2002) Revision of CARS model. 22
Table 2.3. Swales’ (2004) Revised CARS Model for RA Introduction 23
Table 2.4. Summary of the Studies of Contrastive Move Analysis of RAs by NS and NNS 31
Table 2.5. A Table of Metadiscourse in Academic Texts 38
Table 2.6. Summary of the Studies of Contrastive Metadiscourse Analysis of RAs by NS and NNS 44
Table 3.1. The Coding Scheme for Move Analysis of the Introductions Based on Samraj’s and Swales’ CARS Models 49
Table 3.2. Move Structures of the Business Discussions 56
Table 3.3. Frequency of Moves in the Discussions Written by the NS and NNS 56
Table 4.1. Number of the 60 Business Introductions Containing the Three Moves and Their Constituent Steps 60
Table 4.2. Ranking of the Number of RAs Containing Each Step 61
Table 4.3. Ranking of the Total Frequency of Steps in the 60 Introductions 62
Table 4.4. Move Patterns in the Business RA　Introductions 63
Table 4.5. Frequency of Metadiscourse in the Business Introductions 67
Table 4.6. Top 10 Words Used in Each Categories of Interactive Resources 68
Table 4.7. Top 10 Words Used in Interactional Resources 70
Table 4.8. The Number of Articles Containing Each Step in the Two Corpora 75
Table 4.9. The Difference of Number of Articles Containing
Each Step between Two Corpora 76
Table 4.10. Frequency of Steps and the Difference of Steps between　Two Corpora 77
Table 4.11. Ranking of Steps between Two Business Journals Corpora 78
Table 4.12. Move Patterns in the Business introductions written by the NS and NNS 79
Table 4.13. Use of Metadiscourse in the Two Corpora 83
Table 4.14. Use of Top10 Transitions in the Two Corpora 84
Table 4.15. Use of Top 5 Endophoric Markers in the Two Corpora 84
Table 4.16. Use of Top10 Frame Markers in the Two　Corpora 85
Table 4.17. Use of Evidentials in the Two Corpora 85
Table 4.18. Use of Top10 Code Glosses in the Two Corpora 86
Table 4.19. Use of Top10 Engagement Markers between the Two Corpora 87
Table 4.20. Use of Top10 Hedges between the Two Corpora 87
Table 4.21. Use of Top11 Attitude Markers between the Two Corpora 88
Table 4.22. Use of Top11 Boosters between the Two　Corpora 89
Table 4.23. Use of Top10 Self-mentions between the Two Corpora 89

LISTS OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. The Components of Literature Review 13
Figure 2.2. Categories of ESP 15
Figure 3.1. Move Frequency Shown on AntConc 50
Figure 3.2. Example of Frequency of Metadiscourse shown on AntConc 52
Figure 3.3. Example of the Function ‘Concordance’ in AntConc 53
Figure 3.4. Example of the Function ‘File View’ in AntConc 53

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