臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來國內外企業舞弊案件頻傳、財報重編的情況亦屢見不鮮，由於財務報表不實表達將會導致廣大投資大眾蒙受重大損失，因而財務報表的可靠性及會計師的審計品質成為政府及投資大眾等財報使用者密切關注的議題。
有別於過去文獻多著重於獨立性，本研究聚焦在專業能力方面，即旨在從會計師事務所層級及會計師個人層級角度，分別探討產業簽證經驗與簽證委任規模之特性對審計品質之影響，並以財務報表重編作為審計品質之代理變數。研究樣本涵蓋1990年至2010年間之國內上市櫃公司，並採用單變量分析之平均數與中位數檢定及多變量分析之logistic迴歸模型進行檢驗。實證結果顯示：(1)會計師事務所與第二位簽證會計師之產業簽證經驗與財報重編機率呈顯著負相關，顯示對特定產業簽證經驗愈久，有助於提升審計品質，可降低該產業受查客戶財報重編之可能性，且該正面效果傾向在事務所是產業專家時更增強，除間接否定會計師並未因過度熟悉特定產業而存在過度自信現象外，亦隱含著第二位會計師對簽證案件審計品質有其舉足輕重之地位；(2)簽證委任規模對事務所層級之審計品質存在正面影響，反映擁有較多委任規模之事務所，因有較多查核資源及較高聲譽維護考量，故較致力於提升審計品質，致降低財報重編機率，然而第二位會計師之簽證委任規模愈多，其簽證客戶之財報重編機率卻愈高，似乎意謂著其面臨更緊迫之複核時間壓力下恐無法完整兼顧審計品質，故建議在案件品質管制複核
等議題上應將會計師個人之簽證負荷量納入考量。

Financial reporting fraud and financial restatement are increased dramatically over the past decades which will impair a great deal of investors’ wealth. The issue of the relation between auditor characteristics and audit quality has caused concern among academics, practitioners, and regulators.
This study focuses on professional competence which is different from prior literature emphasizing on independence, using audit firm-level and individual partner-level to separately investigate the effects of auditors’ industrial experience and engagement size on audit quality. This study uses financial restatement as the proxy variables of audit quality and the sample of listed companies in Taiwan from 1990 to 2010, to execute univariate analyses including t test and Wilcoxon test, and multivariate analyses of logistic regression model. The empirical results are as follows. First, audit firm and concurring partner’s industry experience are significantly negative associated with the likelihood of financial restatement. It indicates that audit firm and concurring partner’s industry experience can enhance audit quality and further reduce the likelihood of financial restatement, especially when audit firm is the industry specialist. It also implies that auditors are not overconfident when they are familiar with that industry and concurring partner plays an important role on auditing. However, the effect of engagement size on audit quality is not homogeneous across audit firm and individual auditors. It indicates that audit firm with more clients has more resources and more motive to protect their reputation, inducing higher audit quality and lower likelihood of financial restatement. But the engagement size of concurring partner is positive associated with the likelihood of financial restatement. It indicates that concurring partner could not fully ensure audit quality under time pressure of review, suggesting that it should take individual partners’ attestation loading into consideration when mentioning the issue of audit quality review.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究動機與目的 4
第三節 研究架構 7

第二章 文獻探討與假說發展 8
第一節 財務報表重編 8
第二節 事務所層級/個人層級之財務報表簽證 10
第三節 經驗與審計品質之關連性 12
第四節 委任規模與審計品質之關連性 15
第五節 產業專家與審計品質之關連性 17

第三章 研究設計 20
第一節 樣本選取與資料來源 20
第二節 實證方法及模型 21
第三節 變數定義與衡量 23

第四章 實證結果與分析 27
第一節 樣本篩選過程 27
第二節 敘述性統計與相關係數 28
第三節 單變量分析 30
第四節 多變量迴歸分析 32

第五章 結論 38
第一節 研究結果 38
第二節 研究貢獻 40

參考文獻 41
中文部分 41
英文部分 41

表目次
表1 樣本篩選 50
表2 敘述性統計 51
表3 相關係數表 52
表4 財務報表重編與否之單變量分析 53
表5 產業簽證經驗長短之單變量分析 54
表6 簽證委任規模多寡之單變量分析 55
表7 事務所及會計師產業簽證經驗與財務報表重編關係的羅吉斯迴歸結果 56
表8 事務所及會計師簽證委任規模與財務報表重編關係的羅吉斯迴歸結果 57
表9 事務所及會計師產業簽證經驗與財務報表重編關係並考量產業專家的 羅吉斯迴歸結果 58
表10 事務所及會計師簽證委任規模與財務報表重編關係並考量產業專家的 羅吉斯迴歸結果 60
表11 事務所及會計師產業簽證經驗虛擬變數與財務報表重編關係(全部樣本) 62
表12 事務所及會計師產業簽證經驗虛擬變數與財務報表重編關係(產業專家 樣本) 65
表13 事務所及會計師產業簽證經驗虛擬變數與財務報表重編關係(非產業專家 樣本) 67

中文部分
李建然與高惠松(2007)，會計師事務所人力資本與審計品質之關聯性研究，人力資源管理學報，第7卷，第3期，45-64。
李建然與陳政芳(2004)，審計客戶重要性與盈餘管理：以五大事務所組別為觀察標的，會計評論，第38 期，59-80。
林宜勉、呂惠民、盧其群(2010)，會計師審計品質與財務報表重編之關聯性，中山管理評論，第18卷，第2期，407-445。
陳牡丹(1999)，上市公司財務報表重編次數、重編方向與操縱損益盈餘動機之關聯性研究，台中商專學報，第31卷，193-214。
陳政芳、李啟華(2006)，國內產業知識之衡量基礎，中山管理評論，第14卷，第3期，687-713。
陳英得、蔡嘉妮與黃彩婷(2010)，會計師執業年資與審計品質關係之研究，2010
海峽兩岸會計學術研討會。
陳雪如、黃劭彥、吳東憲、洪勁宇(2011)，事務所與會計師特性對盈餘管理之影響，文大商管學報，第16卷，第1期，26-52。
陳慧玲、張瑀珊、顏信輝(2012)，會計師查核報告簽章方式之探討：司法與證券監理人員之看法，會計審計論叢，第2卷，第1期，1-30頁。
黃德芬與陳秀婷(2011)，雙簽制度下會計師產業專精及查核任期對商業銀行盈餘管理之影響，會計審計論叢，第1卷，第1期，25-60。
賴春田(2000)，會計師的業務、責任及會計師事務所組織的演變，國立臺灣大學會計研究所碩士論文
薛敏正、林嬋娟與林秀鳳(2008)，董事會特性與財務報告重編，交大管理學報， 第28卷，第2期，73-103。
英文部分
Abbott, L. J., S. Parker, and G. F. Peters. 2004. Audit committee characteristics and restatements. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 23 (1): 69-87.
 
Abdolmohammadi, M., and A. Wright . 1987. An examination of the effects of experience and task complexity on audit judgments. The Accounting Review 62 (1): 1-13.
Aier, J. K., J. Comprix, M. T. Gunlock, and D. Lee. 2005. The financial expertise of CFOs and accounting restatements. Accounting Horizons 19 (3): 123–135.
Ashton, A. H. 1991. Experience and error frequency knowledge as potential determinants of audit expertise. The Accounting Review 66 (2): 218–239.
Ashton, R. H., and P. R. Brown. 1980. Descriptive modeling of auditors’ internal control judgments: replication and extension. Journal of Accounting Research 18 (1): 269–277.
Baber, W. R., S. H. Kang, and L. Liang. 2006. Strong boards, external governance, and accounting restatements. Working paper, George Washington University.
Badertscher, B. A., S.P. Hribar, and N.T. Jenkin. 2011. Informed trading and the market reaction to accounting restatements. The Accounting Review 86 (5): 1519-1547.
Balsam, S., J. Krishnan, and J. S. Yang. 2003. Auditor industry specialization and earnings quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 22 (2): 71–97.
Barber, B., and T. Odean. 2000. Trading is hazardous to your wealth: The common stock investment performance of individual investors. Journal of Finance 55 (2): 773-806.
Barton, J. 2001. Does the use of financial derivatives affect earnings management decision? The Accounting Review 76 (1): 1-26.
Baumann, A. O., R. B. Deber, and G. G. Thompson. 1991. Overconfidence among physicians and nurses: The Micro-Certainty, Macro-Uncertainty Phenomenon. Social Science and Medicine 32 (2): 167-174.
Beasley, M. S., J.V. Carcello, D. R. Hermanson, and P. D. Lapides. 2000. Fraudulent financial reporting: Consideration of industry traits and corporate governance mechanisms. Accounting Horizons 14 (4): 441-454.
Bedard, J., and S. Biggs. 1991. The effect of domain-specific experience on evaluation of management representation in analytical procedures. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 10 (Supplement): 77-95. 
Blankley, A. I., N. H. David, and J. E. MacGregor. 2012. Abnormal audit fees and restatements. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 31 (1): 79-96.
Bonner, S., and B. Lewis. 1990. Determinants of audit expertise. Journal of Accounting Research 28 (Supplement): 1–20.
Bruynseels, L., W. R. Knechel, and M. Willekens. 2011. Auditor differentiation, mitigating management actions, and audit-reporting accuracy for distressed firms. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 30(1): 1-20.
Buehler, R., D. Griffin, and M. Ross. 1994. Exploring the “planning fallacy”: Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (3): 366–381.
Carcello, J. V., and A. L. Nagy. 2004. Audit firm tenure and fraudulent financial reporting. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 23 (2): 57-71.
Carcello, J. V., and Z. Palmrose. 1994. Auditor litigation and modified reporting on bankrupt clients. Journal of Accounting Research 32 (Supplement): 1-30.
Carcello, J., and A. Nagy. 2004. Client size, auditor specialization, and fraudulent financial reporting. Managerial Auditing Journal 19 (5): 651–668.
Casterella, J., J. R. Francis, B. L. Lewis, and P. L. Walker. 2004. Auditor industry specialization, client bargaining power, and audit pricing. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 23 (1): 123–140.
Chin, C. and H. Chi. 2009. Reducing restatements with increased industry expertise. Contemporary Accounting Research 26 (3): 729-765.
Chin, C. and H. Chi. 2011. Firm versus partner measures of auditor industry expertise and effects on auditor quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 30 (2): 201-229.
Choi, J. H., F. Kim, J. B. Kim, and Y. Zang. 2010. Audit office size, audit quality, and audit pricing. A Journal of Practice and Theory 29 (1): 73-79.
Chow, E. H., H. M. Lin, Y. M. Lin, and Y. C. Weng. 2011. The performance of overconfident fund managers. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 47 (2): 21-30.
Christensen-Szalanski, J. J., and J. B. Bushyhead. 1981. Physicians’ Use of Probabilistic Information in a Real Clinical Setting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7 (4) : 928–935.
Cordes, C. L., and T. W. Dougherty. 1993. A review and integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review 18 (4) : 621-656.
Cordes, C. L., T. W. Dougherty, and M. Blum. 1997. Patterns of burnout among managers and professionals: A comparison of models. Journal of Organizational Behavior 18 (6): 685-701.
Craswell, A. T., J. R. Francis, and S. L. Taylor. 1995. Auditor brand name reputations and industry specializations. Journal of Accounting and Economics 20 (3): 297-322.
DeAngelo, L. E. 1981. Auditor size and audit quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics 3 (3): 183-199.
Deaves, R., E. Lüders, and G. Y. Luo. 2009. An experimental test of the impact of overconfidence and gender on trading activity. Review of Finance 13 (3): 555-575.
Dechow, P. M., R. Sloan, and A. Sweeney. 1996. Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: An analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary Accounting Research 13 (1): 1-36.
DeFond, M. and M. Jiambalvo. 1994. Debt covenant violation and manipulation of accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics (17): 145-176.
DeFond, M. L., and J. Jiambalvo. 1991. Incidence and circumstances of accounting errors. The Accounting Review 66 (3): 643-655.
Dunn, K. A., B. W. Mayhew, and S. G. Morsfield. 2000. Auditor industry specialization and client disclosure quality, Working paper, Baruch College of City University of New York, University of Wisconsin, and The Capital Markets Company.
Dunning, D., C. Heath, and J. M. Suls. 2004. Flawed self-assessment: Implications for health, education, and the workplace. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5 (3): 69-106.
Dye, R. 1993. Auditing standards, legal liability and auditor wealth. Journal of Political Economy 101 (5): 887-914.
Ferguson, A., and D. J. Stokes. 2002. Brand name audit pricing, industry specialization and leadership premiums post-Big 8 and Big 6 mergers. Contemporary Accounting Research 19 (1): 77-110.
Ferguson, A., J. R. Francis, and D. J. Stokes. 2003. The effects of firm-wide and office-level industry expertise on audit pricing. The Accounting Review 78 (2): 429-448.
Ferguson, M. J., G. S. Seow, and D. Young. 2004. Nonaudit services and earnings management: UK evidence. Contemporary Accounting Research 21 (4): 813-841.
Fischhoff, B., P. Slovic, and S. Lichtenstein. 1977. Knowing with certainty: The appropriateness of extreme confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology 3 (4): 552-564.
Flanagan, D. J., L. A. Muse, and K.C. O'Shaughnessy. 2008. An overview of accounting restatement activity in the United States. International Journal of Commerce and Management 18 (4): 363-381.
Forbes, D. 2005. Are some entrepreneurs more overconfidence than others. Journal of Business Venturing 20 (5): 623-640.
Francis, J. R., K. Reichelt, and D. Wang. 2005. The pricing of national and city-specific reputations for industry expertise in the U.S. audit market. The Accounting Review 80 (1): 113-136.
Frank, J. D. 1935. Some psychological determinants of the level of aspiration. American Journal of Psychology 47 (2): 285-293.
General Accounting Office, GAO Report 03-138, (2002). Financial statement restatements: Trends, market impacts, regulatory responses, and remaining challenges. Report to the Chairman, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate: 2002.
Glass Lewis &; Co. 2006. Getting it wrong the first time. Restatements Trend Alert (March 2). Available at: http://www.glasslewis.com/downloads/Restatements2005Summary.pdf.
Glover, S.M., J. Jiambalvo, and J. Kennedy. 2000. Analytical procedures and audit-planning decisions. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 19 (2): 27–45.
Griffin, D., and A. Tversky. 1992. The weighing of evidence and the determinants of confidence. Cognitive Psychology 24 (3): 411–435.
Hasher, L. 1984. Automatic processing of fundamental information: The case of frequency of occurrence. American Psychologist 39 (12): 1372-1388.
Healy, P.M. 1985. The impact of bonus schemes on accounting decisions. Journal of Accounting and Economics 7 (1-3): 85-107.
Hock. H. S.. and L. Hasher. 1990. Judgments of frequency: A tool for the analysis of memory. In Event-related Potentials of the Brain, edited by J. W. Rohrbaugh, R. Parasuramen, and R. Johnson. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hribar, P., and N. Jenkins. 2004. The effect of accounting restatements on earnings revisions and the estimated cost of capital. Review of Accounting Studies 9 (2/3): 337–56.
Jackson, S. E., R. L. Schwab, and R. S. Schuler. 1986. Toward an understanding of the burnout phenomenon. Journal of Applied Psychology 71 (4): 630-640.
Jensen, M. C., and W. H. Meckling. 1976. Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3 (4): 305-360.
Kaplan, S. E., C. Moeckel, and J. D. Williams. 1992. Auditors’ hypothesis plausibility assessments in analytical review setting. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 11: 50-65.
Kidd, J. B. 1970. The utilization of subjective probabilities in production planning. Acta Psychologica 34: 338–347.
Kinney, W., and L. McDaniel. 1989. Characteristics of firms correcting previously reported earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 11 (1): 71-93.
Kravet, T., and T. Shevlin. 2010. Accounting restatements and information risk. Review of Accounting Studies 15 (2): 264-294.
Kruger, J., and D. Dunning. 1999. Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (6): 1121-1134.
Libby, R. 1985. Availability and the generation of hypotheses in analytical review. Journal of Accounting Research 23 (2): 648-667.
Libby, R. and D. Frederick .1990. Expertise and the ability to explain audit findings. Journal of Accounting Research 28 (2): 348-367.
Libby, R., and J. Luft. 1993. Determinants of judgment performance in accounting settings: ability, knowledge, motivation and environment. Accounting, Organizations and Society 18 (5): 425-450.
Lichtenstein, S., B. Fischhoff, and L. Phillips. 1982. Calibration of Probabilities: The State of the Art to 1980. in D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, and A. Tversky (eds.), Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Maslach, C. and M. P. Leiter. 1997. The truth about burnout. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Maslach, C., and S. E. Jackson. 1981. The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour 2 (2): 99-113.
Moroney, R., and P. Carey. 2011. Industry versus task-based experience and auditor performance. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 30 (2): 1-18.
Myers, J. N., L. A. Myers, and Z. V. Palmrose. 2005. The length of auditor-client relationships and financial statement restatements. Working paper, University of Texas A&;M.
Nelson, M. 2009. A model and literature review of professional skepticism in auditing. A Journal of Practice and Theory 28 (2): 1–34.
Odean, T. 1999. Do investeors trade too much ? American Economic Review 89 (5): 1279-1298.
O’Keefe, T. B., R. King, and R. D. King. 1994. Audit fees, industry specialization, and compliance with GAAS reporting standards. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 13 (2): 41-55.
Oskamp, S. 1965. Overconfidence in case-study judgments. Journal of Consulting Psychology 29 (3): 261-265.
Owhoso, V. E., W. F. Messier, and J. G. Lynch. 2002. Error detection by industry-specialized teams during sequential audit review. Journal of Accounting Research 40 (3): 883-900.
Palmrose, Z. V., and S. Scholz. 2004. The circumstances and legal consequences of non-GAAP reporting: evidence from restatements. Contemporary Accounting Research 21 (1): 139-180.
Palmrose, Z. V., J. Richardson, and S. Scholz. 2004. Determinants of market reactions to restatement announcements. Journal of Accounting and Economics 37 (1): 59-89.
 
Reichelt, K. J., and D. Wang .2010. National and office-specific measures of auditor industry expertise and effects on audit quality. Journal of Accounting Research 48(3): 647-686.
Richardson, S., Y. Tuna, and M. Wu. 2003. Capital market pressures and earnings management: The case of earnings restatements. Working paper, University of Pennsylvania.
Romanus, R., J. Maher, and D. Fleming. 2008. Auditor industry specialization, auditor changes, and accounting restatements. Accounting Horizons 22 (4): 389-413.
Shellenbarger, S. 1998. Accounting firms battle to be known as best workplaces. Wall Street Journal 21: B1.
Shirom, A. 1989. Burnout in work organizations. In C. L. Cooper and I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 4. New York: Wiley.
Solomon, I., M. Shields, and O. R. Whittington. 1999. What do industry-specialist auditors know? Journal of Accounting Research 37 (1): 191-208.
Staël von Holstein, C.-A. S. 1972. Probabilistic forecasting: An experiment related to the stock market. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 8 (1): 139-158.
Stanley, J. D., and F. DeZoort. 2007. Audit firm tenure and financial restatements: An analysis of industry specialization and fee effects. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 26 (2): 131-159.
Sweeney, A.P. 1994. Debt covenant violations and manager’s accounting responses. Journal of Accounting and Economics17 (3): 281-308.
Sweeney, J. T., and S. L. Summers. 2002. The effect of the busy season workload on public accountants’ job burnout. Behavioral Research in Accounting 14: 223-245.
Wagenaar, W., and G. B. Keren. 1986. Does the Expert Know? The Reliability of Predictions and Confidence Ratings of Experts. in E. Hollnagel, G. Mancini, D. D. Woods (eds.), Intelligent Decision Support in Process Environments, Berlin: Springer.
Wallace, W. A. 1987. The economic role of the audit in free and regulated markets: a review. Research in Accounting Regulation 1: 7-34.
Wallman, S. 1996. The future of accounting, Part III: Reliability and auditor independence. Accounting Horizons 10 (4): 76-97.
Wilson, W. 2008. An empirical analysis of the decline in the information content of earnings following are statement. The Accounting Review 83 (2): 519-548.
Wright, S., and A. Wright. 1997. The effect of industry experience on hypothesis generation and audit planning decisions. Behavioral Research in Accounting 9: 273-229.
Zacks, R. T., L. Hasher, and H. Sanft. 1982. Automatic encoding of event frequency: Further findings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 8 (2): 106-111.