本研究探討春秋作落花生有機栽培在不同肥料種類、施用量和施用方式之處理，對落花生農藝性狀及種仁化學成分之影響，以落花生臺南選9號及臺南14號為材料，施用高肥力有機質肥料 (N 3.0 %，P2O5 3.8 % ，K2O 3.0 %，有機質50 %)及特1號有機質肥料(N 3.0 %，P2O5 3.0 %，K2O 2.0 %，有機質50 %)兩種有機質肥料之0 kg ha-1、1,000 kg ha-1、2,000 kg ha-1及4,000 kg ha-1四級用量處理，及全施與分施方式，探討高肥力和特1號有機質肥料之不同施用量與施用方式對二種落花生農藝性狀及化學組成之影響試驗結果如下：
就土壤肥力而言，春作不同肥培管理下，施用量處理之兩品種皆以有施肥處理較無施肥土壤含較低養分；施用方法處理對臺南選九號收穫後之土壤，其中又以全施處理含較少土壤有效磷和交換性鉀。秋作不同肥培管理下，施用量處理兩品種收穫後土壤皆比種植前含較高土壤有機質，且土壤有效磷含量也含較高；施用方法以全施處理含較少土壤有效磷和交換性鉀含量，秋作臺南選九號以施用特1號有機質肥料，其土壤交換性鎂的含量則含較少，而臺南十四號則以施用特1號有機質肥料較高。兩期作間不同肥培管理，春作土壤pH值、交換性鈣含量皆較高，而土壤有效磷則較低，施用量以春作收穫後土壤交換性鎂含量較低，而施用方式以秋作種植後土壤交換性鎂含量較低。
就農藝性狀而言，春作在不同肥培管理下，落花生臺南選九號以施用特1號有機質肥料2,000 kg ha-1施用量，且以分施處理之小區鮮莢果產量及小區種子產量較佳，而臺南十四號施用特1號有機質肥料全施處理之小區鮮莢果產量及小區種子產量較高肥力有機質肥料1,000 kg ha-1或2,000 kg ha-1施用量佳；秋作不同肥培管理下，落花生臺南選九號以施用特1號有機質肥料2,000 kg ha-1施用量，且以全施處理小區鮮莢果產量及小區種子產量較佳，臺南十四號以施用特1號有機質肥料分施處理與1,000 kg ha-1施用量之小區鮮莢果產量及小區種子產量較佳。兩期作間不同肥培管理，春作落花生有較高之剝實率及一級種子百分率，而秋作落花生有較高之每株成熟莢果數、成熟莢果鮮重、成熟莢果乾重、每株種子數、種子重及莢果黑斑病。落花生品種方面不同肥培管理，臺南十四號落花生有較高之百粒重及一級種子百分率、小區鮮莢果產量、小區種子產量。
就種仁化學成分而言，春作不同肥培管理下，落花生臺南選九號以施用特1號有機質肥料2,000 kg ha-1施用量全施處理種仁粗脂肪含量較佳，而落花生臺南十四號以施用特1號有機肥2,000 kg ha-1施用量且以分施處理之種仁粗脂肪及粗蛋白較佳，且種仁灰分較低；秋作在不同肥培管理下，落花生臺南十四號以高肥力有機質肥料之種仁粗脂肪較佳。兩期作間不同肥培管理，春作落花生有較高種仁之灰分、粗脂肪及碳水化合物含量，而秋作在不同施用量處理有較高種仁之粗蛋白含量。落花生品種方面不同肥培管理臺南選九號落花生有較高種仁之粗脂肪含量，而臺南十四號落花生有較高種仁之粗蛋白含量。

This study is discussing how the processing of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) organic cultivation during spring and fall crops seasons with fertilizer’s different types, input rate and application methods influence the agronomic characters of peanut and chemical compositions of kernel. Using peanut species Tainan Selection NO.9 and Tainan NO.14 as experimental material, and apply High fertility organic matter fertilizer (N 3.0 %，P2O5 3.8 % ，K2O 3.0 %，Organic matter 50 %) and Special No.1 organic matter fertilizer (N 3.0 %，P2O5 3.0 %，K2O 2.0 %，Organic matter 50 %) to apply peanut with four different grade such as 0 kg ha-1、1,000 kg ha-1、2,000 kg ha-1 and 4,000 kg ha-1, and treat with “all as a basal dose” and “2/3 basal+ 1/3 top dressing” to discuss how High fertility and Special No.1 organic matter fertilizer affected the agronomic characters and chemical compositions of these two species of peanuts with the difference of application rate and application method. Below is the experiment result of its influence:
As far as soil fertility is concerned, when spring season crops are under different fertilization managements, these two species treat with application rate contain lower nutrients than that of unfertilized soil and soil before planting when it is fertilized; The application method processing makes the exchangeable K amount in the harvested soil of Tainan Selection NO.9 lower than the soil which is before planting , and it is “all as a basal dose” among it contain less soil available P and less exchangeable K amount. Fall season crops under different fertilization managements, these two species with application rate contain higher amount of organic matter than soil which is before planting when the soil has been harvested, and the soil available P amount is also contain higher. The “all as a basal dose” application method contain less soil available P and exchangeable K amount, Tainan Selection NO.9 as fall season crops is applied Special No.1 organic matter fertilizer, its amount of exchangeable Mg is contain less, and Tainan NO.14 contain more when it is applying Special No.1 organic matter fertilizer. Two crop seasons have different fertilization managements, spring season crops has higher soil pH value and higher exchangeable Ca, and the soil available P is lower, the application rate of spring season crops harvested soil has lower exchangeable Mg quantity, and the application method of the soil after planted fall season crops has lower exchangeable Mg.
As far as agronomic character is concerned, spring season crops under different fertilization management, peanut Tainan Selection NO.9 which apply 2,000 kg ha-1 Special No.1 organic matter fertilizer, and process with “2/3 basal + 1/3 top dressing” has better pod yield plot -1 and seed yield plot -1. And peanut Tainan NO.14 has better pod yield plot-1 and seed yield plot-1 after applying Special No.1 organic matter fertilizer and processing with “all as a basal dose”, its yield is higher than the application rate 1,000 kg ha-1 or 2,000 kg ha-1 of High fertility organic matter fertilizer; Fall season crops under different fertilization management, peanut Tainan Selection NO.9 apply 2,000 kg ha-1 Special No.1 organic matter fertilizer and process with “all as a basal dose” has better pod yield plot-1 and seed yield plot-1. Peanut Tainan NO.14 process with “2/3 basal+ 1/3 top dressing” and apply 1,000 kg ha-1 Special No.1 organic matter fertilizer has better pod yield plot-1 and seed yield plot-1. Different fertilization management among two crop seasons, spring season peanut has higher shelling percentage and first grade seed ratio, and fall season peanut has higher No. of mature pod plant-1, mature pod fresh weight, mature pod dry weight, No. of seeds plant-1, weight of seeds and pod rot disease. Different fertilization management for different peanut species, Tainan NO.14 has higher weight of 100 seeds, first grade seed ratio, pod yield plot-1 and seed yield plot-1.
As far as kernel chemical composition is concerned, spring season crops under different fertilization management, peanut Tainan Selection NO.9 apply 2,000 kg ha-1 Special No.1 organic matter fertilizer and process with “all as a basal dose” has better kernel crude lipid quantity. Peanut Tainan NO.14 apply 2,000 kg ha-1 Special No.1 organic matter fertilizer and process with “2/3 basal+ 1/3 top dressing” has better kernel crude lipid and crude protein, and the kernel ash is lower; fall season crops under different fertilization management, peanut Tainan NO.14 has better kernel crude lipid when applying high fertility organic matter fertilizer. Different fertilization among two crop seasons, spring season peanut has higher kernel ash, crude lipid and carbohydrate, and fall season has higher kernel crude protein quantity with different application rate. Under different fertilization management of peanut, Tainan Selection NO.9 peanut has higher kernel crude lipid quantity, and Tainan NO.14 peanut has higher kernel crude protein quantity.

中文摘要 I
Abstract III
致 謝 V
壹、前 言 1
貳、前人研究 3
一、不同肥培管理對土壤理化性之影響 3
二、不同肥培管理對作物農藝性狀之影響 6
三、不同肥培管理對作物收穫部位化學成分之影響 12
參、材 料 與 方 法 17
一、試驗材料 17
二、栽培區土壤肥力之檢測 19
三、不同肥培管理對落花生有機栽培農藝性狀之探討 24
四、落花生種仁化學成分之分析 27
五、資料統計分析 30
六、試驗地區氣象資料 30
肆、結果與討論 33
一、不同有機質肥料用量對落花生栽培之影響 33
(一) 春秋作有機栽培不同肥料及施用量對土壤肥力之影響 33
(二)春秋作有機栽培不同肥料及施用量對落花生品種間農藝性狀之影響 38
二、不同有機質肥料施用方式對落花生栽培之影響 63
(一) 春秋作有機栽培在不同肥料及施用方式處理對土壤之影響 63
(二)春秋作有機栽培不同肥料及施用方式對落花生品種間農藝性狀之影響 67
三、不同有機質肥料施用量對落花生種仁化學成分之影響 91
四、不同有機質肥料施用方式對落花生種仁化學成分之影響 105
伍、結語 117
陸、參考文獻 119
柒、附錄 132

行政院交通部中央氣象局。2009。民國98年農業氣象旬報 56(1-36):1-31。
行政院農業委員會農糧署。2009。99年度台灣地區肥料產銷量值。2011年6月14日，取自行政院農業委員會農糧署網址http://www.afa.gov.tw/GrainStatistics_index.asp
行政院農業委員會農業試驗所。2008。97年送驗土壤酸鹼度與有機質及各要素含量(參考值)之各等級範圍。行政院農業委員會農業試驗所年報(97年度，89頁)。臺中市：行政院農業委員會農業試驗所。
王錦堂、陳鴻堂、賴惠珍。1991。有機質肥料對葡萄產量及品質改進效應。臺中區農業改良場研究彙報 32:41-48。
王鐘和。2004。肥料深施及穗肥對水稻產量之效應及診斷研究。臺灣農業化學與食品科學 42(5):383-395。
王鐘和。2006。有機質肥料之合理化施用。豐年 56(19):50-55。臺北市:豐年社。
古錦文、載振洋、蔡宜峯。1995。有機質肥料對秋作菜豆生育及產量之影響。臺中區農業改良場研究彙報49:41-48。


余常兵、李志玉、廖伯壽、陳防、胡小加、廖星。2010。湖北省花生平衡施肥技術研究 Ⅲ.平衡施肥對花生品質的影響。湖北農業科學 49 (11):2724-2726。
李國明、莊義雄。1971。落花生施肥量試驗。雜糧作物試驗研究簡報 12:115-116。
李俊華、劉建國、馮玉龍、李英賢、沈其榮。2007。施肥量對奶花芸豆產量效應和養分吸收的影響。土壤39(6):1004-1008。
卓家榮。2003。土壤肥力檢測及營養診斷。台南區農業改良場技術專刊 132:63-74。
李新華、郭洪海、楊麗萍、楊萍、萬書波。2010。氣象因子對花生品質的影響。中國農業通報 26(16):90-94。
周泰鈞、張茂盛。1995。肥陪管理及施用石灰資材對坡地小米產量之影響。臺東區農業改良場研究彙報 6:43-59。
周國隆、蔡永暭、蔡金池。1996。澎湖地區落花生肥培管理對生產力之影響。高雄區農業改良場研究彙報 8(1):22-34。
周彔英、李向東、湯笑、林英杰、李忠奉。 2007。氮、磷、鉀肥不同用量對花生生理特性及產量品質的影響。應用生態學報 18(11):2468-2474。

周彔英、李向東、王麗麗、湯笑、林英杰。2008。鈣肥不同用量對花生生理特性及產量和品質的影響。作物學報 34(5):879-885。
林興。1954。落花生性狀及其相關研究。臺灣農業研究 4(4):46-67。
林慶喜。1988。土壤性質對落花生生育及產量的影響。花蓮區農業推廣簡訊 5(4):14-16。
林晉卿、洪崑煌、洪嘉謨、陳碧慧。1996。豬、雞排泄物堆肥施用於土壤中有機質及磷的礦化。畜產研究 29(2):169-185。
林志信、侯金日。2009。有機栽培對甘藷塊根營養成分之影響。碩士論文。 嘉義市: 國立嘉義大學農藝學系。
林志信、李瑞興、溫英源、侯金日。2010。有機栽培對甘藷塊根營養成分之影響。嘉大農林學報 7(1):76-91。
侯金日、劉景平。1997。生長阻礙劑CCC與增施磷鉀肥對落花生農藝性狀及產量之影響。嘉義技術學院學報 54:1-16。
倪禮豐。2008。有機質及微生物肥料施用技術。花蓮區農業專訊土壤合理化專輯 65: 8-11。
徐原田、鄭心嫻。1978。磷鉀肥施用量與行距密度對山藥產量及蛋白質含量之影響。臺灣農業研究 27(4):315-324。
高峻岭、李祥云、宋朝玉、李鎮清、王聖健。2007。不同有機肥配比對大蔥產量及品質的影響。北方園藝 11:40-42。
張正賢。1984 矮生菜豆產量構成性狀初探。科學發展月刊 11(12):1457-1476。
張仲民。2005。土壤反應及酸性與鹼性土壤管理。國立編譯館主編，普通土壤學(七版，439頁)。臺北市：茂昌圖書有限公司。
曹晶、榮湘民、劉強、喻夜蘭、謝桂先、彭建傳、姜麗紅、周升明。2007。酒糟型生物有機肥對豆角產量和品質的影響。湖南農業科學 3:106-109。
莊作權、張宇旭、陳鴻基。1993。有機質肥料養分供應能力之評估 中華生質能源學會會誌3-4:132-146。
莊浚釗。2005。土壤肥力診斷技術。合理化施肥專刊 121:63-74。
莊雅雯、古明萱。2005。種植期與肥料對葛鬱金根莖品質的探討。 碩士論文。 屏東: 國立屏東科技大學農園生產系。
許福星、盧啓信、洪國源。2008。長期施用牛糞及豬糞堆肥後殘餘效應對狼尾草產量、品質及土壤地力之影響。畜產研究 41(3):193-201。
郭魁士。1989。土壤實驗。臺北市：之宜出版社。
陳烈夫、呂椿棠、呂秀英。1998。水芋在不同栽培季節之生長分析。台灣農業研究 47(3):220-241。

陳琦玲、連深。2002。台灣與日本土壤有機質的分解聚積模擬與肥力維持。臺灣農業研究 51(2):50-65。
陳仁炫。2005。有機質肥料品質及施肥技術。臺南區農業改良場技術專刊 94-3「肥料特性及合理化施肥」 Pp.75-93。
陳吉村。2008。土壤改良增進施肥效果。花蓮區農業改良場農業專訊 65:5-7。
陳國憲、林晉卿、楊藹華、林棟樑、吳昭慧、吳建銘。2009。雲嘉南地區落花生合理化施肥技術示範推廣。豐年59(22):36-38。
彭德昌、王銀波。1997。有機質肥料不同施肥法對文旦柚品質與產量之影響。花蓮區農業改良場研究彙報 13:47-62。
曾耀崑、陳桐榮、張平。1991。臺灣產花生原料之物理特性與一般成分。嘉義農專學報 26:185-200。
程永雄、鄭安秀、陳紹崇、杜金池。1989。落花生果莢黑斑病之發生及其防治法。台灣農業研究 38(3):353-364。
黃明得。1975。品種及栽培季節對落花生種子蛋白質及油分含量之影響。臺灣農業研究 24(1、2): 24-31。
黃惠琳、陳萬福。2002。台南區落花生產銷結構之研究。臺南區農業改良場研究彙報 39: 49-66。

黃惠琳。2011。百年農業點將錄—臺南區農業改良改良場落花生的研發與推廣。臺南區農業改良場農業專訊 75:22-25。
楊允聰、林義恭、蔡承良、游添榮。1998。落花生新品種臺南十四號之育成。臺南區農業改良場研究彙報35:45-64。
楊藹華。1999。落花生營養與加工產品。台南區農業改良場技術專刊 98:88-12。
楊金興、曹文隆、謝光照、何千里、蔡志濃、林俊義、曾富生。2002。栽培季節對落花生品種間莢果黑斑病之影響。台灣農業研究 51(4):28-36。
楊秋忠。2007。微生物肥料管理現況及訂定要義與展望。農業生技產業季刊 12:16-20。
楊晴、吳桂軍、張京政、王同坤、楊軍、郎維娜。2007。不同肥料對板栗營養品質的影響。經濟林研究 25(4):34-37。
詹國連、曹文隆。1972。栽培密度與施肥量對大豆產量及農藝性狀之影響。臺灣農業研究 21(2):118-127。
詹元祐、翁銅河。1988。應用15N探測氮肥對甘蔗之效應.II 豬糞對甘蔗吸收氮肥之影響。臺灣糖業研究所研究彙報 Pp.9-14。
趙政文、馬繼風、李小風。1994。南方春大豆不同生育期乾物質積累與氮磷鉀含量的變化。大豆科學 13(1):53-60。
劉逸芳、馮淑慧、邱義源、蔡承良。1993。台灣地區不同品係花生仁食品加工有關特性之探討。技術學刊。8(1):73-80。
劉景平、侯金日、張平順、溫英源。1997。落花生加速世代之探討Ⅲ.肥料施用量對落花生開花、結實之影響。嘉義技術學院學報 53:109-120。
蔡宜峯、黃祥慶、賴文龍。1989。腐質酸及磷、鉀肥對枇杷品質及產量之影響。臺中區農業改良場研究彙報 24:45-52。
蔡榮村、黃健政、徐錫樑、張瑞郎。1990。花生品種對花生油品質之影響。臺灣農業化學與食品科學 28(4):323-331。
蔡宜峯、古錦文、戴振洋。1996。不同期作菜豆施用有機肥料之效應。臺灣園藝 42(4):375-382。
蔡宜峯、莊作權、黃裕銘。1998。利用碳酸銨萃取法估算堆肥有效氮含量應用在玉米栽培之研究。中國農業化學會誌36(5): 493-502。
蔡宜峯。2004。有機質肥料在甜柿栽培之應用。臺中區農業改良場特刊 73:131-149。
蔡宜峯。2008。田園「有機高效肥製作方法」產品介紹。臺中區農情月刊產學會作專欄 107:14-15。

盧煌勝、楊金興、曹文隆。1988。不同型間落花生產量及其構成因素之比較。台灣農業研究37(3):266-277。
盧啟信、許福星。2009。施灌經厭氣發酵豬糞尿廢水對狼尾草生長及牧草地土壤與滲漏水性質之影響。作物、環境與生物資訊 6:113-123。
賴文龍、蔡宜峯。2006。施用溶磷菌與根瘤菌複合菌、氮肥及磷肥對落花生生長效應之研究。臺中區農業改良場研究彙報 93:71-79。
謝慶芳、徐國男。1995。長期使用有機質肥料對毛豆與甘藍之效應試驗。臺中區農業改良場研究彙報 46:1-10。
魏夢麗、陳烈夫、呂椿棠、呂秀英。1999。期作間水芋全生育期光合成物質生產之比較。台灣農業研究47(3):47-64。
羅秋雄、張金城。2005。作物施肥手冊第六版。Pp.14-15。
蘇匡基、鄭朝洲、李根。1968。落花生品種台南9號之育成。臺南區農業改良場研究彙報 1: 6-10。
Alagawasi, A. R. and A. C. Gaur. 1988. Associative effect of Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on the yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea. Plant Soil. 105:241-246.
Anderson, J.M. and J.S. Ingram. 1993. Tropical soil biology and fertility: A handbook of methods (2nd Ed.), C.A.B. International, Oxon, UK.


A.O.A.C. 1990. The official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists. 15th ed. The Association of Offical Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
Basu, M., P.B.S. Bhadoria and S.C. Mahapatra. 2008. Growth, nitrogen fixation, yield and kernel quality of peanut in response to lime, organic and inorganic fertilizer levels. Bioresour Technol. 99:4675–4683.
Bationo, A. and A. U. Mokwunye. 1991. Role of manures and crop residue in alleviating soil fertility constraints to crop production: With special reference to the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of West Africa. Fertilizer Res. 29:117-125.
Bray, R.H. and L.T. Kurtz. 1945. Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci. 59 : 39-45.
Bremner, J. M. and C. S. Mulvaney. 1982. Nitrogen-Total. pp. 610-613.In : Method of Soil Analysis. Part 2, 2nd edition. Page, A. L. (ed) American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Branch, W. D. and A. S. Csinos. 1987. Evaluation of peanut cultivars for resistance to field infection by Sclerotium rolfsii. Plant Dis. 71:268-270.
Casini, C., J. L. Dardanelli., M. J. Martįnez., M. Balzarini., C. S. Borgogno and M. Nassetta. 2003. Oil quality and sugar content of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) grown in argentina: their relationship with climatic variables and seed yield. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:6309-6313.
Church,C. G. and Chace E. M. 1922. Some changes in composition of California avocados during growth. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1073:1-22.
Cox, F. R., F. Adams and B. B. Tucker. 1982. Liming fertilization, and mineral nutrition. Pp.139-163. In. H. E. Pattee and C. T. Young (ed s.) Peanut science and technology. Apers, Texas, USA.
Crépin, J. And R. L. Johnson. 1993. Soil Sampling for Environmental Assessment. In “Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis”. M.R. Carter, Ed. Chapter 2. Pp. 5-18. Can. Soil Sci. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton.




De Bertoldi, M., G. Vallint, A. Pera. and F. Zucconi. 1985. Technological aspects of composting including moddling and microbiology, In J. K. R. Gasser. (ed.) Composting of agricultural and other wastes. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London and New York. Pp.27-41.
Dixit P. K., P. D. Bhargava, D. K. Saxena and L. K. Bhatia. 1970. Eatimates of genotypic variability in some quantitative characters in groundnut. Indjan J. Agric. Sci. 40:197-202.
Dixit P. K., P. D. Bhargava, D. K. Saxena, L. K. Bhatia and K. N. Sharman. 1971. Variability in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Indjan J. Agric. Sci. 41:685-681.
Douglas, B. F. and F. R. Magdoff. 1991. An evaluation of nitrogen mineralization indices for organic residues. J. Environ. Qual. 20:368-372.
Emile M. Gaydou and Arrivets. 1983. Effects of phosphorus, potassium, dolomite, and nitrogen fertilization on the quality of soybean. Yields, proteins, and lipids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 31(4):765-769.
Fortun, A.,C. Fortun and C. Ortega. 1989. Effect of farmyard manure and its humic fractions on the aggregate stability of a sandy loam soil. J. Soil Sci. 40:293-298.
Gopichand, R. D. S., R. L. Meena, M. K. Singh, V. K. Kaul, B. Lal, R. Acharya and R. Prasad. 2006. Effect of manure and plant spacing on crop growth, yield and oil quality of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. in mid hill of western Himalaya. Ind Crop Prod. 24:105–112.
Hendrix, P. F., D. C. Coleman and D. A. Crossley. 1992. Using knowledge of soil nutrient cycling processes to design sustainable agriculture. J. Sus. Agric. 2(3):63-82.
Inoko, A. 1982. The composting organic materials and associated maturity problems ASPAC/FFTC Technical Bulletin 71:1-20.
Katarzyna S. Ł., A. Jaromin , M. Korycińska and A. Kozubek. 2011. Health benefits of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds and peanut oil consumption. Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. Pp. 873-880.
Kumar, M. D., K. S. Channabassppa and S. G. Patil. 1996. Effect of integrateed application of pressmud and paddy husk with fertilizers on yield and quality of sugarcane(saccharum- officinarum). Ind. J. Agron. 41(2):301-305.

Lewis, R. D. 1932. Determination of oil content of pecans. New sulfuric acid digestion method. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 4:296-297.
Martin, J. P. and D. D. Focht. 1977. Biological properties of soil. p.114-169. In: Elliott, L. F. F. J. Stevenson, C. R. Frink, R. R. Hill, C. C. Hortenstine, V. J. Kilmer, E. J. Monke and F. G. Viets, Jr. (ed.). Soils for management of organic wastes and waste water. Madison, Wisconsin. USA.
Martin, J. P. and D. D. Focht. 1979. Biological properties of soil, In: Elliott, L. F. et al.(eds.)Soil for Management of Organic Wastes and Waste Water. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Pp.114-169.
Majumdar, P. K., Prakash Ram and Mohd M. Haque. 1969. Genetic and phenotypic variability in quantitative characters in groundnut. Indjan J. Genet . Plant Breed. 29:291-296.
McLean , E.O. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. pp. 192-224. In A. L. Page (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part II. Chemical and Micro-biological Properties. Academic Press, New York, USA.
Mehlich , A. 1985. Mehlich 3 soil test extractant: A modification of Mehilich 2 extractant. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15:1409-1416.
Mittleton,G. K.,W. E. Colwell, N. C. Brady and E. F. Jr. Schultz. 1945. The behavior of four varieties of peanuts as affected by calcium and potassium variables. J. Amer. Soc. 37:443-457.
Murphy , J. and J.P. Riley. 1962. A modified single solution for determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal. Chem. Acta 27:31-36.
Paul, E. A. and F. E. Clarf. 1989. Soil Microbililgy and Biochemistry. Academic Press. Lnc., New York.
Piccolo, A. and J. S. C. Mbagwu. 1990. Effects of different organic waste amendments on soil microaggregates stability and molecular sizes of humic substances. Plant and Soil. 123: 27-37.
Pitman, G. 1935. Oil content as criterion of olive maturity. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 18:441-454.
Porter, D. M., H. S. Donald and R. Rodriguez-Kabana. 1984. Stem rot, Pythium disease, Rhizoctonia disease, and Fusarium disease. Compendium of Peanut Diseases. Pp.15-25. Published by The American Phytopathological Society, Minnesota, USA.
Putthacharoen s., R.H. Howeler, S. Jantawat and V. Vichukit. 1998. Nutrient uptake and soil erosion losses in cassava and six other crops in a Psamment in eastern Thailand. Field Crops Res. 57:113–126.
Raigόn, M. D., J. Prohens and A. R. Burruezo. 2010. Effects of organic and conventional cultivation methods on composition of eggplant fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58:6833-6840.
Rhoades, J.D. 1982. Soluble salts. pp. 167-178. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part II. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. A. L. Page (ed.) Academic Press, New York, USA.
Sabbe, W.E. and D.B. Marx. 1987. Soil Sampling: Spatial and Temporal Variability. In“Soil Testing: Sampling, Correlation, Cal;ibration, and Interpretation.”J.R. Brown Ed. Chapter 1. Pp. 1-14, SSSA Special Publ. NO. 21. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Inc. Madison, Wisconsin.
Sánchez-Bel P., I. Egea , M. C. Martínez-Madrid , B. Flores And F. Romojaro. 2008. Influence of Irrigation and Organic/Inorganic Fertilization on Chemical Quality of Almond (Prunus amygdalus cv. Guara). J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:10056-10062.
Siderer, Y., A. Maquet and E. Anklam, 2005. Need for research to support consumer confidence in the growing organic food market. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 16(8):332–343.
Sims, J. T. 1986. Nitrogen transformations in a poultry manure amended soil: Temperature and moisture effects. J. Environ. Qual. 15: 59-63.
Singh Hari, A. K. Yadava, T. P. Yadava and M. L. Chhabra. 1982. Genetic variability and heritability for morphological attributes in groundnut. Indjan J. Agric. Sci. 52(7):432-434.
Sivasubramanian, P., T. Ramanathan, R. Mahalingam, K. N. Satyaprsad and D. Adhivarahan. 1977. Genetic variability in certain metric traits of Arachis hypogaea L. Madras Agric. J. 44:447-450.
Sims, J. T. 1986. Nitrogen transformations in a poultry manure amended soil: Temperature and moistureeffects. J. Environ. Qual. 15:59-63.
Smith, S. R. and P, Hadley. 1989. A comparison of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers: Their nitrate-N and ammonium-N release characteristics and effects on the growth response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Fortune). Plant Soil. 115: 135-144.
Stahl, A. L. 1933.Changes in composition of Florida avocados in relation to mayurity. Florida Agr.Expt. Sta. Bull. 259:1-61.
Uber, F. N. 1940. Microincineration and ash analysis. Botan. Reu. 6:204-226.
Walf, B. 1982.A comprehensive system of leaf analysis and its use for diagnosing crop nutrient status. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 13 : 1035-1059.