臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，由於無線通訊技術的蓬勃發展，進入了高速資料傳輸通訊系統的時代，舉凡目前無線網路系統、個人網路的藍芽以及寬頻系統等，對目前而言無線網路技術的發展使得ISM頻段已產生擁擠與不敷使用的情況，直觀地必須將電路設計的操作頻率向上提升，進而達到傳送更大量資料的需求，例如微波和毫米波頻段。而BiCMOS製程的快速發展使得BiCMOS積體電路可以操作在高頻率應用的主要原因，並且BiCMOS製程擁有整合性高和低成本等優勢。
在本論文中設計一個混頻器，一個低雜訊放大器，一個低雜訊放大器搭配主動巴倫和混頻器，和一個射頻前端系統排除频率合成器。然而整體電路設計由台積電0.18微米SiGe技術完成。混頻器的測量結果顯示，S11是低於-10 dB從9 GHz到12 GHz，9 dB的轉換增益。 LNA的測量結果顯示，S11從10.7 GHz到12.7 GHz皆低於-10 dB，放大約為9 dB，雜訊指數大於5dB。此外，在本論文中實現一個射頻前端系統但不包含合成器。模擬的整體轉換增益約55分貝，雜訊指數大於4dB.

In recent years, the ISM bands have become crowded due to the increasing popularity of various wireless communication applications. One possible solution is to move from the low GHz range towards higher operating frequencies such as microwave and millimeter-wave bands to have wider bandwidth and higher data rate. Because of the capability of high frequency operation, relatively low cost, and high design flexibility of BiCMOS process, the BiCMOS technology has attracted much attention recently as an alternative solution of more advance CMOS process node for high-frequency applications.
This thesis focuses on the design of front-end receiver for Ku-band satellite applications using TSMC 0.18-μm BiCMOS technology. At the operation frequency range of 10.7 to 12.7 GHz, one mixer, one low-noise amplifier (LNA) with active balun, and a receiver combined the three blocks are demonstrated, respectively. The measurement result of the mixer showed that input S11 is lower -10 dB from 9 GHz to 12 GHz, and the conversion gain is 9 dB The measurement results of the LNA indicated that the input S11 was smaller than -10 dB from 10.7 GHz to 12.7 GHz, the power gain is about 9 dB, and the noise-figure was larger than 5 dB. Also, a RF front-end system excluding the synthesizer is implemented in this thesis. The simulated overall conversion gain is about 55 dB, and the noise figure is larger than 4 dB.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 III
CONTENTS IV
LIST OF TABLES VI
LIST OF FIGURES VII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 RECENT TRENDS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1
1.2 THESIS ORGANIZATION 2
CHAPTER 2 BASIC CONCEPTS IN RF RECEIVER DESIGN 4
2.1 RECEIVER FUNDAMENTALS 4
2.1.1 Noise Figure 4
2.1.2 Gain 6
2.1.3 Linearity and Nonlinearity 6
2.2 RECEIVER ARCHITECTURES 9
CHAPTER 3 MIXER DESIGN FOR KU-BAND SATELLITE APPLICATIONS 11
3.1 MIXER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 12
3.2 DESIGN OF A KU-BAND MIXER 19
3.2.1 Circuit Topology and Analysis 19
3.2.3 Simulation and Measurement Results 22
CHAPTER 4 LNA AND BALUN DESIGN FOR KU-BAND SATELLITE APPLICATIONS 25
4.1 LNA DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 25
4.2 DESIGN OF KU-BAND LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER 28
4.2.1 Circuit Topology and Analysis 29
4.2.2 Simulation and Measurement Results 36
CHAPTER 5 HIGH-GAIN AND LOW-NOISE RF RECEIVER FRONT-END FOR KU-BAND APPLICATIONS 39
5.1 10.7GHZ~12.7GHZ RF FRONT-END DESIGN 39
5.1.1 Circuit Topology and Analysis 40
5.1.2 Simulation and Measurement Results 47
5.2 THE RF FRONT-END DESIGN FOR KU-BAND SATELLITE APPLICATIONS 50
5.2.1 Circuit Topology and Analysis 50
5.2.2 Simulation Results 57
5.3 LAYOUT CONSIDERATION 59
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 60
REFERENCES 62

[1] Mingquan Bao; Jacobsson, H.; Aspemyr, L.; Carchon, G.; Xiao Sun; , "A 9-31-GHz Subharmonic Passive Mixer in 90-nm CMOS Technology," Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of , vol.41, no.10, pp.2257-2264, Oct. 2006
[2] Lin, C.-S.; Wu, P.-S.; Chang, H.-Y.; Wang, H.; , "A 9-50-GHz Gilbert-cell down-conversion mixer in 0.13-μm CMOS technology," Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE , vol.16, no.5, pp. 293- 295, May 2006
[3] El-Nozahi, M.; Sánchez-Sinencio, E.; Entesari, K.; , "A 20–32-GHz Wideband Mixer With 12-GHz IF bandwidth in 0.18- SiGe Process," Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.58, no.11, pp.2731-2740, Nov. 2010
[4] Jeng-Han Tsai; Pei-Si Wu; Chin-Shen Lin; Tian-Wei Huang; Chern, J.G.J.; Wen-Chu Huang; , "A 25–75 GHz Broadband Gilbert-Cell Mixer Using 90-nm CMOS Technology," Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE , vol.17, no.4, pp.247-249, April 2007
[5] Jeong-Bae Seo; Jong-Ha Kim; Hyuk Sun; Tae-Yeoul Yun; , "A Low-Power and High-Gain Mixer for UWB Systems," Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE , vol.18, no.12, pp.803-805, Dec. 2008
[6] Darabi, H.; Chiu, J.; , "A noise cancellation technique in active RF-CMOS mixers," Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of , vol.40, no.12, pp. 2628- 2632, Dec. 2005
[7] Hampel, S.K.; Schmitz, O.; Tiebout, M.; Rolfes, I.; , "Inductorless Low-Voltage and Low-Power Wideband Mixer for Multistandard Receivers," Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.58, no.5, pp.1384-1390, May 2010
[8] Darabi, H.; Abidi, A.A.; , "Noise in RF-CMOS mixers: a simple physical model," Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of , vol.35, no.1, pp.15-25, Jan 2000
[9] Yuan Lu; Krithivasan, R.; Wei-Min Lance Kuo; Cressler, J.D.; , "A 1.8-3.1 dB noise figure (3-10 GHz) SiGe HBT LNA for UWB applications," Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2006 IEEE , vol., no., pp.4 pp., 11-13 June 2006
[10] Jin-Fu Yeh; Chu-Yun Yang; Hsin-Chih Kuo; Huey-Ru Chuang; , "A 24-GHz transformer-based single-in differential-out CMOS low-noise amplifier," Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2009. RFIC 2009. IEEE , vol., no., pp.299-302, 7-9 June 2009
[11] Kuo, W.-M.L.; Qingqing Liang; Cressler, J.D.; Mitchell, M.A.; , "An X-band SiGe LNA with 1.36 dB mean noise figure for monolithic phased array transmit/receive radar modules," Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2006 IEEE , vol., no., pp.4 pp.-501, 11-13 June 2006
[12] Sheng-Che Tseng; Chinchun Meng; Chia-Hung Chang; Chih-Kai Wu; Guo-Wei Huang; , "Monolithic Broadband Gilbert Micromixer With an Integrated Marchand Balun Using Standard Silicon IC Process," Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.54, no.12, pp.4362-4371, Dec. 2006
[13] Madan, A.; McPartlin, M.J.; Masse, C.; Vaillancourt, W.; Cressler, J.D.; , "A 5 GHz 0.95 dB NF Highly Linear Cascode Floating-Body LNA in 180 nm SOI CMOS Technology," Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE , vol.22, no.4, pp.200-202, April 2012
[14] Yu-Tso Lin; Hsiao-Chin Chen; Tao Wang; Yo-Sheng Lin; Shey-Shi Lu; , "3–10-GHz Ultra-Wideband Low-Noise Amplifier Utilizing Miller Effect and Inductive Shunt–Shunt Feedback Technique," Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.55, no.9, pp.1832-1843, Sept. 2007
[15] Jin-Siang Syu; Chinchun Meng; Ying-Chieh Yen; , "5.7 GHz Gilbert I/Q Downconverter Integrated With a Passive LO Quadrature Generator and an RF Marchand Balun," Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE , vol.18, no.2, pp.127-129, Feb. 2008
[16] Hung-Ju Wei; Chinchun Meng; Kuan-Chang Tsung; Guo-Wei Huang; , "12∼18 GHz resistive mixer with a miniature Marchand Balun using standard CMOS process," Microwave Conference, 2009. APMC 2009. Asia Pacific , vol., no., pp.2312-2315, 7-10 Dec. 2009
[17] Hung-Che Wei; Ro-Min Weng; Jing-Chyi Wang; , "A 1.5V high linearity down-conversion mixer for WiMAX applications," Mechanical and Electronics Engineering (ICMEE), 2010 2nd International Conference on , vol.2, no., pp.V2-334-V2-337, 1-3 Aug. 2010
[18] Liu, J.-X.; Hsu, C.-Y.; Chuang, H.-R.; Chen, C.-Y.; , "A 60-GHz Millimeter-wave CMOS Marchand Balun," Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2007 IEEE , vol., no., pp.445-448, 3-5 June 2007
[19] Chen, A.Y.-K.; Baeyens, Y.; Young-Kai Chen; Jenshan Lin; , "A 68-82 GHz integrated wideband linear receiver using 0.18 µm SiGe BiCMOS," Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC), 2010 IEEE , vol., no., pp.365-368, 23-25 May 2010
[20] Pei-Zong Rao; Tang-Yuan Chang; Ching-Piao Liang; Shyh-Jong Chung; , "An Ultra-Wideband High-Linearity CMOS Mixer With New Wideband Active Baluns," Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.57, no.9, pp.2184-2192, Sept. 2009
[21] Chamas, I.R.; Raman, S.; , "Analysis, Design, and X-Band Implementation of a Self-Biased Active Feedback -Boosted Common-Gate CMOS LNA," Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.57, no.3, pp.542-551, March 2009
[22] Sheng-Che Tseng; Chinchun Meng; Chia-Hung Chang; Chih-Kai Wu; Guo-Wei Hung; , "Broadband Gilbert Micromixer With an LO Marchand Balun and a TIA Output Buffer," Microwave Symposium Digest, 2006. IEEE MTT-S International , vol., no., pp.1509-1512, 11-16 June 2006
[23] Azevedo, F.; Fortes, F.; Joao Rosario, M.; , "CMOS Active-Balun Integrated with Low-Noise Amplifier for IEEE 802.11B/G /2.4GHz WLAN Transceiver," Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2007. PIMRC 2007. IEEE 18th International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.1-4, 3-7 Sept. 2007
[24] Chiou, H.-K.; Liao, H.-Y.; Liang, K.-C.; , "Compact and low power consumption K-band differential low-noise amplifier design using transformer feedback technique," Microwaves, Antennas &; Propagation, IET , vol.2, no.8, pp.871-879, December 2008
[25] Bo Shi; Chia, M.Y.W.; , "Design of a CMOS UWB receiver front-end with noise-cancellation and current-reuse," Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB), 2010 IEEE International Conference on , vol.1, no., pp.1-4, 20-23 Sept. 2010
[26] Huang, C.-H.; Chen, C.-H.; Horng, T.-S.; , "Design of Marchand balun of spiral shape using physical transformer model on silicon integrated passive device substrate," Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), 2010 IEEE , vol., no., pp.456-459, 10-14 Jan. 2010
[27] Ta-Tao Hsu; Chien-Nan Kuo; , "Low power 8-GHz ultra-wideband active balun," Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, 2006. Digest of Papers. 2006 Topical Meeting on , vol., no., pp.4 pp., 18-20 Jan. 2006
[28] Ta-Tao Hsu; Chien-Nan Kuo; , "Low voltage 2-mW 6~10.6-GHz ultra-wideband CMOS mixer with active balun," Circuits and Systems, 2006. ISCAS 2006. Proceedings. 2006 IEEE International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.4 pp., 21-24 May 2006
[29] Xuezhen Wang; Weber, R.; , "Low voltage low power SiGe BiCMOS X-band LNA design and its comparison study with IEEE 802.11a LNA design," Radar Conference, 2005 IEEE International , vol., no., pp. 27- 30, 9-12 May 2005
[30] Leijun Xu; Zhigong Wang; Qin Li; Jun Xia; , "Modelling and design of a wideband Marchand balun," Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC), 2010 Asia-Pacific Symposium on , vol., no., pp.1374-1377, 12-16 April 2010
[31] Sheng-Che Tseng; Chinchun Meng; Chia-Hung Chang; Guo-Wei Huang; , "SiGe HBT Gilbert Downconverter With an Integrated Miniaturized Marchand Balun for UWB Applications," Microwave Symposium, 2007. IEEE/MTT-S International , vol., no., pp.2141-2144, 3-8 June 2007
[32] Jie Wang; Wenjun Zhang; Ruinan Chang; Zhiping Yu; , "The design of a new spiral inductor balun used in RF/MW based on 0.13μm CMOS process," ASIC, 2007. ASICON '07. 7th International Conference on , vol., no., pp.352-355, 22-25 Oct. 2007
[33] Ching-Ian Shie; Chung-Han Hsieh; Yi-Chyun Chiang; , "UWB LNA and mixer with an active balun in 0.18μm CMOS process," Microwave Conference, 2009. APMC 2009. Asia Pacific , vol., no., pp.1140-1143, 7-10 Dec. 2009
[34] Blaakmeer, S.C.; Klumperink, E.A.M.; Leenaerts, D.M.W.; Nauta, B.; , "Wideband Balun-LNA With Simultaneous Output Balancing, Noise-Canceling and Distortion-Canceling," Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of , vol.43, no.6, pp.1341-1350, June 2008
[35] Afshar, B.; Niknejad, A.M.; , "X/Ku Band CMOS LNA Design Techniques," Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 2006. CICC '06. IEEE , vol., no., pp.389-392, 10-13 Sept. 2006
[36] Chang-Wan Kim; Min-Suk Kang; Phan Tuan Anh; Hoon-Tae Kim; Sang-Gug Lee; , "An ultra-wideband CMOS low noise amplifier for 3-5-GHz UWB system," Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of , vol.40, no.2, pp. 544- 547, Feb. 2005
[37] Lai, I.C.H.; Kambayashi, Y.; Fujishima, M.; , "50GHz Double-Balanced Up-Conversion Mixer Using CMOS 90nm Process," Circuits and Systems, 2007. ISCAS 2007. IEEE International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.2542-2545, 27-30 May 2007
[38] Bo-Jiun Huang; Bo-Jr Huang; Kun-You Lin; Huei Wang; , "A 2–40 GHz Active Balun Using 0.13μm CMOS Process," Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE , vol.19, no.3, pp.164-166, March 2009
[39] Sanghoon Joo; Tae-Young Choi; Jae-Young Kim; Byunghoo Jung; , "A 3-to-5 GHz UWB LNA with a low-power balanced active balun," Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2009. RFIC 2009. IEEE , vol., no., pp.303-306, 7-9 June 2009
[40] Zhiming Deng; Jiashu Chen; Tsai, J.; Niknejad, A.M.; , "A CMOS Ku-band single-conversion low-noise block front-end for satellite receivers," Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2009. RFIC 2009. IEEE , vol., no., pp.135-138, 7-9 June 2009
[41] Girlando, G.; Smerzi, S.A.; Copani, T.; Palmisano, G.; , "A monolithic 12-GHz heterodyne receiver for DVB-S applications in silicon bipolar technology," Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.53, no.3, pp. 952- 959, March 2005
[42] Miyashita, K.; , "A plastic packaged Ku-band LNB with very high susceptibility to supply PLL in 0.18um CMOS," Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems (SiRF), 2010 Topical Meeting on , vol., no., pp.188-191, 11-13 Jan. 2010
[43] Maxim, A.; Gheorghe, M.; Smith, D.; , "A Single-Conversion SiGe BiCMOS Satellite TV LNB Front-End Using an Image Reject Mixer and a Calibrated Full-Rate VCO," Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 2007. CICC '07. IEEE , vol., no., pp.97-100, 16-19 Sept. 2007
[44] Bialko, M.; , "Realizations of Inductive and Capacitive Gyrators," Circuit Theory, IEEE Transactions on , vol.15, no.2, pp. 158- 160, Jun 1968
[45] Wei-Han Cho; Hsu, S.S.H.; , "An Ultra-Low-Power 24 GHz Low-Noise Amplifier Using 0.13 um CMOS Technology," Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE , vol.20, no.12, pp.681-683, Dec. 2010
[46] Bo Shi; Yan Wah Chia; , "A SiGe low-noise amplifier for 3.1-10.6 GHz ultra-wideband wireless receivers," Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2006 IEEE , vol., no., pp.4 pp., 11-13 June 2006