與傳統的螢光染料相比，量子點(QDs)有許多卓越的光學性能，是一種能廣泛應用於生醫領域的理想螢光探針。因此，了解它們的毒性以及它們如何在體內分佈是很重要的。雷射剝蝕感應耦合電漿質譜儀(LA-ICP-MS)在生物樣品的元素空間分布研究中是一個強而有力的分析工具。在本研究中，我們探討了利用LA-ICP-MS分析量子點在大鼠和小鼠器官組織中生物分布的可行性。實驗過程中，將CdSeTe/ZnS核殼型量子點由氣管灌注或靜脈注射到老鼠體內。 結果證實量子點以氣管灌注小鼠的方式會累積在肺臟，而以靜脈注射大鼠的方式會累積在肝臟、脾臟和腎上腺等器官組織中。由於Cd-114是量子點的主要組成成份，可以選擇作為量子點生物分布的標誌物。由螢光顯微鏡觀察所得到的量子點位置和LA-ICP-MS所得到的Cd-114影像間對比的高一致性，以及量子點組成元素間的高度相關性，可以證實Cd-114的確來自於量子點本身。另一方面，Cd-114與Se-82間的低相關性以及Cd-114與Se-82的LA-ICP-MS訊號強度比值，可做為評估量子點降解與否的依據。這些螢光顯微鏡所無法觀察到的重要發現，說明了LA-ICP-MS作為分析量子點生物分布的優勢：不僅可以定位量子點在生物組織中的分佈，同時可以了解量子點是否發生降解反應。

Quantum dots (QDs) have many remarkable optical properties compared to conventional fluorophores and are ideal candidates for versatile biological applications. It is thus important to understand their toxicity and how they are distributed within a body. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a powerful analytical tool for investigating the spatial distribution of elements in biological samples. In this study, we explore the feasibility of LA-ICP-MS to study QDs biodistribution in tissue sections from mice and rats. CdSeTe/ZnS core–shell QDs were administered to the animals by intratracheal instillation or intravenous injection. We demonstrated that QDs are accumulated in mouse lungs following intratracheal instillation and rat liver, spleen and adrenal gland following intravenous injection. Cd-114 is the specific marker of biodistribution of QDs because it is the major component of QDs and the most abundant isotope. From the high correspondence between locations of QDs from the fluorescence observation and the distribution image of Cd-114, and the high correlation coefficients between QDs component element, we can confirm that Cd-114 indeed come from QDs. On the other hand, the bad correlations between Cd-114 and Se-82 and their LA-ICP-MS signal ratio can be an indicator of partial dissociation of QDs. These results which cannot be obtained by fluorescence microscopy illustrated the advantages of LA-ICP-MS. Not only LA-ICP-MS can locate QDs but also provide the information on whether QDs dissociation occurred. In this work, for the first time, we showed that LA-ICP-MS can be employed to investigate QDs biodistribution in tissue sections from animals.

摘要
Abstract
謝誌
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUTION
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Quantum dots
2.1.1. Developments of QDs
2.1.2. Structure and composition of QDs
2.1.3. Optical Properties of QDs
2.1.4. Applications of QDs
2.1.5. Toxicity studies of QDs
2.1.6. Biodistribution studies of QDs
2.2. LA-ICP-MS
2.2.1. Developments and applications
2.2.2. Imaging technique for elemental analysis in biological samples
CHAPTER 3: Principle of LA-ICP-MS
3.1. Laser ablation system
3.2. ICP-MS
3.2.1. Sample introduction system
3.2.2. ICP ionization source
3.2.3. Interface and ion optic system
3.2.4. Quadrupole mass analyzer
3.2.5. Ion detector
CHAPTER 4: EXPERIMENTAL AND METHODS
4.1. Materials
4.1.1. Quantum dots
4.1.2. Reagents
4.2. Instruments
4.2.1. LA-ICP-MS system
4.2.2. Fluorescence microscope system
4.3. Animals and sample preparation
4.3.1. Intratracheally instillated mice
4.3.2. Intravenously injected rats
4.4. Data processing
4.5. Heterogeneous images registration
4.6. Summary
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1. Reliability in analyzing QDs by LA-ICP-MS
5.2. Imaging in lung tissues after intratracheal instillation of QDs
5.3. Imaging in tissue sections after intravenous injection of QDs
5.3.1. Imaging in spleen, liver and kidney tissue sections
5.3.2. Correlation analysis between elements in the tissue sections
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
6.1. Conclusions
6.2. Future work
Appendix
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