擴增實境 (augmented reality) 是將虛擬物件加入真實環境的視訊，原理是使用電腦視覺 (computer vision) 與電腦圖學 (computer graphics) 技術進行實體物件定位與追蹤，再附加相關的數位化資訊或虛擬物件。擴增實境的追蹤可分成標記式與無標記式兩種模式，其中標記式為較簡單純熟的技術，透過特定的擴增實境標記 (AR tag) 進行辨識，目前已廣泛應用於消費者設計、學習、娛樂等各個領域中，且有完善的函式庫供開發者使用，如 ARToolKit；無標記式主要是改善傳統標記式使用無意義圖卡的缺點，可以透過自然標記，如圖片、書籍等，辨識具有意義的圖片。由於無標記式擴增實境的應用日漸重要，但因較少開發平台提供無標記式辨識功能，也沒有一套完整快速開發擴增實境內容的編輯介面，本研究提出一套無標記式擴增實境創作系統 (authoring system)，開發工具為 OpenCV 與 OpenGL 函式庫，透過 SURF 與 L-K 光流法實現快速的無標記式追蹤，並提供一個友善清楚的介面，讓使用者快速發展擴增實境的相關創作。為評估使用性，本研究採用系統使用性量表進行評估，研究顯示大部份使用者認為很容易操作本系統，但系統導覽說明仍需要加強。

Augmented reality (AR) is to attach digital information or virtual objects on a video of real environment. The techniques under AR may include computer vision and computer graphics. Usually, the process of AR is to locate, track, and recognize a specific marker, known as AR tag, or a physical object, and then add information or virtual objects onto the marker or object. Because of its ease, the marker-based AR is widely used in many applications such as consumer design, learning, entertainment, and so on. On the contrary, because the markerless AR can recognize meaningful patterns such as pictures, book covers, and so on, through extracting natural features from the patterns, it is getting more and more important. However, no easy-to-use interface exists at present so that users can easily and fast produce various kinds of AR contents. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a Markerless Augmented Reality Authoring System through using OpenCV and OpenGL APIs. To promote the recognition performance, SURF and L-K optical flow are used in our system. Moreover, System Usability Scale (SUS) is used in this study to evaluate the usability of our system. The results show that most users can easily use our system; but the navigation of our system needs to be strengthened.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
第一章、緒論 1
1.1研究動機 1
1.2研究目的 2
1.3論文架構 3
第二章、文獻探討 4
2.1擴增實境介紹與相關研究 4
2.1.1擴增實境定義 5
2.1.2擴增實境應用 9
2.2系統使用評估方法 13
2.2.1啟發式評估法 13
2.2.2系統使用性量表 14
第三章、系統發展 15
3.1系統架構與設計 15
3.1.1開發環境 15
3.1.2系統流程 15
3.1.3虛擬物件的三維模型載入 17
3.2創作編輯模組 18
3.3無標記式擴增實境模組 23
3.4影像追蹤辨識模組 26
3.4.1 SURF 特徵 27
3.4.2 Lucas-Kanade 光流法 32
第四章、結果與評估 36
4.1實驗流程設計 36
4.2專家評估 36
4.3系統使用性量表 38
4.3.1實驗設備與對象 38
4.3.2實驗過程 38
4.3.3描述性統計 39
4.4系統執行數據比較 41
4.4.1實驗過程 41
4.4.2比較結果 42
第五章、結論與未來展望 45
5.1結論 45
5.2未來展望 46
參考文獻 47
中文部分 47
英文部分 48
附錄一、專家評估問卷 50
附錄二、SUS使用性量表 52

中文部分
Heineken（2011）。打開海尼根 精采你的世界_一站成名。2012年7月8日，取自http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h70SB0lUBv4
林為光（2011）。不同虛擬實境多媒體設計輔助對國小學童體積概念學習效益之研究。國立台中教育大學數位內容科技學系碩士論文。
研勤科技股份有限公司（2011）。【新品發佈】PAPAGO! M8全新AR擴增實境，令人驚豔的實境導航系統。2012年7月8日，取自http://www.papago.com.tw/News/NewsDetails.aspx?Nid=215
統一超商（2010）。OPEN小將5歲生日。2012年7月8日，取自http://www.openopen.com.tw/event/10party/ar.asp
中華國際黃頁股份有限公司（2010）。hiPage 搜go!。2012年7月5日，取自http://itunes.apple.com/tw/app/hipage-sougo!/id351330048?l=zh&mt=8
教育部（2001）。國民中小學九年一貫課程暫行綱要。台北：教育部。
 
英文部分
Azuma, R. T. (1997). A survey of augmented reality. Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 355-385.
Bay, H., Tuytelaars, T., & Van Gool, L. (2006). Surf: Speeded up robust features. Computer Vision–ECCV 2006, 404-417.
Billinghurst, M., Kato, H., & Poupyrev, I. (2001). The MagicBook: a transitional AR interface. Computers & Graphics, 25(5), 745-753.
Brooke, J. (1996). SUS-A quick and dirty usability scale. Usability evaluation in industry, 189, 194.
Burdea, G. C., & Coiffet, P. (2003). Virtual reality technology (2nd ed.). NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Disney Parks. (2011). Mickey Mouse Brings Disney Magic to New York City. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRRu5dKRfTU
Feiner, S., Macintyre, B., & Seligmann, D. (n.d.). KARMA. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from http://monet.cs.columbia.edu/projects/karma/karma.html
Feiner, S., Macintyre, B., & Seligmann, D. (1993). Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7), 53-62.
Google. (2012). Project Glass - Google+. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from https://plus.google.com/111626127367496192147/posts
Gordon, I., & Lowe, D. G. (2004). Scene modelling, recognition and tracking with invariant image features.
Hsieh, M. C., & Lee, J. S. (2008). AR marker capacity increasing for kindergarten English learning. International Multiconference of Engineerings and Computer Scientists, 663-666.
Kato, H. (n.d.). ARToolKit. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from http://www.hitl.washington.edu/artoolkit/
Kato, H., & Billinghurst, M. (1999, 1999). Marker tracking and HMD calibration for a video-based augmented reality conferencing system. Paper presented at the Augmented Reality, 1999. (IWAR ''99) Proceedings. 2nd IEEE and ACM International Workshop on.
Lucas, B. D., & Kanade, T. (1981). An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision.
Metaio. (n.d.). metaio | Projects | Augmented Reality 3D. Retrieved July 8, 2012, from http://www.metaio.com/projects/
Milgram, P., Takemura, H., Utsumi, A., & Kishino, F. (1994). Augmented reality: A class of displays on the reality-virtuality continuum.
Nielsen, J. (1994). Usability engineering: Morgan Kaufmann.
Shelton, B. E., & Hedley, N. R. (2002). Using augmented reality for teaching earth-sun relationships to undergraduate geography students.
Vallino, J. R. (1998). Interactive augmented reality. University of Rochester.