本研究調查十位受測者在真實環境與虛擬環境下對物件間距離的認知，每位受測者必須穿戴3D眼鏡作六種不同物件呈現方式並結合三種不同物件呈現位置的距離估計，每次實驗受測者共需作72個距離估計，兩物件間距在10公分至50公分之間。過去的研究顯示在離受測者近身距離下受測者與物件間距離的估計為高估，與本實驗結果在離受測者近身距離下兩物件間距離的估計有所不同，在真實物件呈現於下方視野時會影響對距離的估計與過去的研究結果一致，而對真實物件和虛擬物件間距離的低估程度也與過去在使用頭戴式顯示器的結果相同。雖然目前實驗的結果仍無法解釋為何在離受測者近身距離下兩物件間距離的估計為低估，無論如何，在變異數分析中顯示真實物件與虛擬物件間的呈現方式及呈現位置皆對距離估計的準確性有顯著的影響。F(5,45)=7.285和p<0.5。但是，當F(2,18)=4.934和p=0.02時

The present study investigated distance perception both in virtual and real environments within exocentric distance at peri-personal space. Ten participants estimated 72 target distances between 10 cm and 50 cm in six different target positions combined with three different parallaxes. The study examined virtual targets seen through the 3D glasses, and combined real and virtual objects. The results give evidence that the exocentric distance of virtual and combined real and virtual objects is underestimated at peri-personal distance, a different result from a previous cross study that has been found in egocentric distance in the same peri-personal space. The interesting aspect of this finding is that our result is consistent with a previous study, regarding the implication of a misleading field of view when real object placed in lower side. This result indicates the same degree of underestimation when showed both the real + virtual environments with HMD technology. Although, the results show that participants underestimated the distance for exocentric within peri-personal space, the reason why this happened remains unknown. Understanding these issues should lead to useful and applicable virtual reality technology improvement. However, the ANOVA result shows that the way we positioned a real and virtual target (layout) is affecting the accuracy of estimation, F(5,45) = 7.285 and p < .05, while, the parallax also has effect on the accuracy of distance estimation F(2,18) = 4.934 and p = 0.02

誌 謝 iv
論 文 摘 要 v
ABSTRACT vi
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES x
CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Research Objective 3
1.3 Research Limitations 3
1.4 Study Framework 4
CHAPTER 2 6
LITERATURE STUDY 6
2.1 How We See 3D (Three-Dimensional) 6
2.2 Distance Estimation 8
2.3 Distance Estimation Judgments 8
2.4 Distance Estimation within Peri-Personal Space 10
2.5 Distance Estimation in Real and Virtual Environment 11
2.6 Previous Studies in along Same Area 12
CHAPTER 3 14
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 14
3.1 Experimental Design 14
3.1.1 Research Model 14
3.1.2 Experimental Variables 16
3.1.3 Experimental Setup and Task 18
3.1.4 Procedure 20
3.1.5 Hypothesis and Prediction 23
CHAPTER 4 25
RESULT 25
4.1 Classified Values 25
4.1.1 Distance Judgment Type 25
4.1.2 One Way ANOVA and Paired t-test for Judgment Type 26
4.1.3 Average Error of Distance Estimation 27
4.2 Numerical Estimations 28
4.2.1 Paired t-test of Mean Estimated Distance and Scaled Distance 28
4.2.2 Comparisons of Average Observers’ Judgment and Actual Distance 30
4.2.3 Within-Subjects ANOVA Summary 34
4.2.4 Post-Hoc Test 36
CHAPTER 5 38
DISCUSSION 38
5.1 Underestimated in Per-Personal Space Distance 38
5.2 Effect of Layout and Parallax to Distance Estimation 39
5.3 Methodological Improvements 40
CHAPTER 6 42
CONCLUSION 42
6.1 Conclusion 42
6.2 Future Research 43
References 44
APPENDICES 47
Experiment Condition 47
Participant Consent Form 48
Complete Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 49
Post Hoc Test-Bonferonni Correction Test (parallax) 50
Observers’ Judgment Score Sheet for each Combination 51

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