臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

小組合作技能需透過學習而來，而多人線上角色扮演遊戲(MMORPG)能提供高互動且有意義的環境讓學生體驗小組合作，透過在MMORPG中的合作經驗可能讓學生學習合作技能，特別是團隊領導技能。我們的研究使用熱門的遊戲—魔獸世界為例，探討學生透過角色扮演以及完成遊戲任務的過程合作技能是否有所提昇，以及扮演不同角色的學生，合作技能變化是否有所差異，更探討學生在遊戲中的心流感受與其學習技能的成效有相關，以及不同心流狀況的學生經過遊戲體驗其學習成效是否不同，並觀察魔獸世界的遊戲經驗是否影響學生學習成效。

Teamwork is a necessary ability which students need to learn. Game has varied features which can be provided to be a problem-based learning environment. Students can get afk skills in games. This study’s purpose is to see whether the experience that students complete tasks cooperatively in MMORPG can help them to develop their teamwork skills and answer five research questions: 1) whether students’ teamwork skills rise or not after team-playing; 2) whether students learn different skills by playing different roles; 3) dose the learning performance correspond to the flow degree of students in game; 4) whether students learn different skills by experiencing different flow states; 5) whether students’ WoW experience effect on the change of their teamwork skills.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
一、緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 3
二、文獻探討 5
2.1 合作技能的類別 5
2.2 合作技能的訓練方式 6
2.3 遊戲與教育 9
2.4小組角色 16
2.5心流 19
三、研究方法 23
3.1 研究架構 23
3.2 研究問題 24
3.3 研究對象 24
3.4 研究工具 24
3.4.1 合作技能量表 24
3.4.2 小組角色量表 26
3.4.3 心流狀態量表 26
3.4.4 心流感受量表 26
3.5 實驗流程 27
四、研究結果 30
4.1 問卷信效度分析 30
4.1.1 合作技能量表 30
4.1.2 心流狀態量表 32
4.1.3 心流感受量表 33
4.1.4 小組角色量表 33
4.2 基本資料分析 36
4.2.1魔獸世界經驗分析 36
4.2.2心流狀態分析 36
4.3實驗結果 37
4.3.1合作技能與遊戲體驗 39
4.3.2扮演之角色與學習結果 40
4.3.3 心流感受與學習成效之相關 41
4.3.4 心流狀態與學習成效 42
4.3.5遊戲經驗與學習成果 43
五、結論 52
5.1 研究發現 52
5.2 研究限制與建議 53
參考文獻 55
附錄A角色說明單 60
附錄B 研究工具 65
B.1 合作技能量表(改編自簡妙娟，2000) 65
B.2 小組角色量表 68
B.3 心流感受量表(引用自周松英，2009) 70
B.4 心流狀態量表(改編自周松英，2009) 71

周松英(2008)，從休閒遊戲看思考風格對心流經驗的影響，國立交通大學理學院碩士在職專班網路學習學程，碩士論文
洪郁婷(2009)，探討多人線上角色扮演遊戲與一般合作小組中的角色行為之關係─以魔獸世界為例，靜宜大學資訊管理學系，碩士論文
黃政傑/林佩璇(1996)，合作學習，五南圖書出版公司
張乃仁，黃雅惠，潘玉婷，羅震宇 民(99)。使用問題導向學習應用於物理治療教育。PT NEWS 雙月刊，98。民100年7月18日，取自： http://www.pt.org.tw/pt_news_detail.php?Bid=3&Id=30
謝欽舜/殷彩鳳(1996)，暢談遊戲教學，師德教育訓練顧問公司出版
簡妙娟(2000)，高中公民科合作學習教學實驗之研究，國立高雄師範大學教育研究所，博士論文
魔獸世界官方網站(民99年10月8日)。《魔獸世界®》全球會員人數突破1200萬人。民100年7月18日取自：http://www.wowtaiwan.com.tw
林宏達 (無日期). 10歲玩出領導力》從線上遊戲玩出CEO能力。商業週刊 。民100年7月18日，取自：http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/webfineprint.php?id=33669
Achterbosch, L., Pierce, R., & Simmons, G. (2008). Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games:The Past, Present, and Future. Computers in Entertainment (CIE), 5(4).
Admiraal, W., Huizenga, J., Akkerman, S., & Dam, G. t. (2011). The concept of flow in collaborative game-based learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 1185-1194.
Apedoe, X. S. (2008). Engaging students in inquiry: Tales from an undergraduate geology laboratory-based course. Science Education, 92(4), 631-663.
Barak, M., & Raz, E. (1998). Hot Air Balloons: Project Centered Study as a Bridge between Science and Technology Education’. Science Education 84, 27-42.
Beaubien, J. M., & Baker, D. P. (2004). The use of simulation for training teamwork skills in health care: how low can you go? Qual Saf Health Care, 13, i51-56.
Bellman, G. M. (1992). Getting Things Done When You Are Not in Charge. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Bradley, P., Cooper, S., & Duncan, F. (2009). A mixed-methods study of interprofessional learning of resuscitation skills. Medical Education, 43, 912-922.
Campbell, J. O., Lison, C. A., Borsook, T. K., Hoover, J. A., & Arnold, P. (1995). Using computer and video technologies to develop interpersonal skills. Computers in Human Behavior, 11(2), 223-239.
Çankaya, S., & Karameteb, A. (2009). The effects of educational computer games on students’ attitudes towards mathematics course and educational computer games. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 145-149.
Capella, J., Smith, S., Philp, A., Putnam, T., Gilbert, C., Fry, W., Harvey, E., Wright, A., Henderson, K., Baker,D., Ranson,S., ReMine,S. (2010). Teamwork Training Improves the Clinical Care of Trauma Patients. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION, 67(6), 439-443.
Chang, K.-E., Wu, L.-J., Weng, S.-E., & Sung, Y.-T. (2012). Embedding game-based problem-solving phase into problem-posing system for mathematics learning. Computers & Education, 58, 775-786.
CHIANG, Y.-T., LIN, S. J., CHENG, C.-Y., & LIU, Z.-F. (2011). EXPLORING ONLINE GAME PLAYERS’ FLOW EXPERIENCES AND POSITIVE AFFECT. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – January 2011, volume 10 Issue 1, 10(1), 106-114.
Childress, M. D., & Braswellb, R. (2006). Using Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games for Online Learning. . Distance Education, 27(2), 187-196.
Choi, B., & Baek, Y. (2011). Exploring factors of media characteristic influencing flow in learning through virtual worlds. Computers & Education, 57, 2382-2394.
Coller, B. D., & Scott, M. J. (2009). Effectiveness of using a video game to teach a course in mechanical engineering. Computers & Education, 53, 900-912.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper Perennial.
Durate, D. L., & Snyder, N. T. (1999). Mastering virtual teams: Strategies, tools, and techniques that succeed. SF, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Freeth, D., Ayida , G., Berridge, E. J., Mackintosh , N., Norris , B., Sadler , C., et al. (2009). Multidisciplinary Obstetric Simulated Emergency Scenarios (MOSES): Promoting Patient Safety in Obstetrics with Teamwork-Focused Interprofessional Simulations. JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, 29(2), 98-104.
Garavaglia, B., & McDaniel, G. E. (2010). Team Building In the Workplace: You First Have to Understand What A Team Is. Journal of Business Leadership Today, 1(7).
Garris, R., Ahlers, R., & Driskell, J. E. (2002). Games, motivation, and learning:A research and practice model. Simulation Gaming, 33(4), 441-467.
Griva, E., Semoglou, K., & Geladari, A. (2010). Early foreign language learning: Implementation of a project in a game–based context. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 3700-3705.
Hainey, T., Connolly, T. M., Stansfield, M., & Boyle, E. A. (2011). Evaluation of a game to teach requirements collection and analysis in software engineering at tertiary education level. Computers & Education, 56, 21-35.
Halloun, I. (1998). 'Schematic Concepts for Schematic Models of the Real World: The Newtonian Concept of Force'. Science Education 82(2), 239-283.
Hogg, P., Hogg, D., & Henwood, S. (2008). Consultant radiographer leadership - A discussion. Radiography, 14(SUPPL. 1), e39-e45.
IBM, & Seriosity (2007). Virtual worlds, real leaders: Online games put the future of business leadership on display.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1987). Structuring cooperative learning: The 1987 handbook of lessons plans for teachers: Edina, M.N.: Interaction Book Company.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1994). Learning together and along:Cooperative, Competitive, and individualistic learning: Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Kayworth, T., & Leidner, D. (2000). The Global Virtual Manager: A Prescription for Success. European Management Journal, 18(2), 183-194.
Kebritchi, M., Hirumi, A., & Bai, H. (2010). The effects of modern mathematics computer games on mathematics achievement and class motivation. Computers & Education, 55, 427-443.
Kiili, K. (2005). Digital game-based learning: Towards an experiential gaming model. Internet and Higher Education, 13-24.
Kim, B., Park ,H., & Baek,Y. (2009). Not just fun, but serious strategies: Using meta-cognitive strategies in game-based learning. Computers & Education, 800-810.
Lin, H., Sun, C. T., & Tinn, H. H. (2003). Exploring Clan Culture: Social Enclaves and Cooperation in Online Gaming. Paper presented at the Digital Games Research Conference.
Linton, J., & Farrell, M. J. (2009). Nurses' perceptions of leadership in an adult intensive care unit: A phenomenology study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 25(2), 64-71.
Liu, C.-C., Cheng, Y.-B., & Huang, C.-W. (2011). The effect of simulation games on the learning of computational problem solving. Computers & Education, 57, 1907-1918.
Liu, T.-Y., & Chu, Y.-L. (2010). Using ubiquitous games in an English listening and speaking course: Impact on learning outcomes and motivation. Computers & Education, 55, 630-643.
Margerison, C., & McCann, D. (1990). Team Mangement: Practical New Approaches. London: Mercury Books.
Massimini, F, & Carli, M. (1988). Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness, (pp. 288-306). New York: Cambridge.
McMartin, F., McKenna, A., & Youssefi, K. (2000). Scenario Assignments as Assessment Tools for Undergraduate Engineering Education. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION, 43(2), 111-119.
Moreno-Ger, P., Burgos, D., Martínez-Ortiz, I., Sierra, J. L., & Fernández-Manjón, B. (2008). Educational Game Design for Online Education. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 2530-2540.
Novak, T. P., & Hoffman, D. L. (1997). Measuring the Flow Experience Among Web Users. Paper presented at the Interval Research Corporation, Project 2000, Vanderbilt University
Papargyris, A., & Poulymenakou, A. (2004). Learning to Fly in Persistent Digital Worlds: The Case of Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games. . SIGGROUP Bulletin, 25(1).
Papastergiou, M. (2009). Digital Game-Based Learning in high school Computer Science education: Impact on educational effectiveness and student motivation. Computers & Education, 52(1), 1-12.
Pierfy, D. A. (1977). Comparative simulation game research: Stumbling blocks and steppingstones. Simulation & Games, 8, 255-268.
Ponzer, S., Hylin, U., Kusoffsky, A., Lauffs, M., Lonka, K., Mattiasson, A.-C., et al. (2004). Interprofessional training in the context of clinical practice: goals and students’ perceptions on clinical education wards. Medical Education, 38, 727-736.
Prensky , M. (2003). Digital game-based learning. Computers in Entertainment(CIE), 1.
Shapirov , J., Morey, J., Small, S., Langford, V., Kaylor, C., Jagminas, L., et al. (2004). Simulation based teamwork training for emergency department staff: Does it improve clinical team performance when added to an existing didactic teamwork curriculum? Qual Safety Health Care, 13, 417-421.
Smith, K. A. (1995). Cooperative learning: Effective teamwork for engineering classrooms. In Proceedings of Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE 95) (Vol. 1, pp. 13–18).
Tüzün, H., Yılmaz-Soylu, M., Karakus, T., Inal, Y., & Kızılkaya, G. (2009). The effects of computer games on primary school students’ achievement and motivation in geography learning. Computers & Education, 52, 68-77.
Wallin, C. J., Meurling , L., Hedman , L., Hedegard , J., & Fellannder-Tsai, L. (2007). Target-focused medical emergency team training using a human patient simulator: effects on behaviour and attitude. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 41(2), 173-180.
Weller, J. M. (2004). Simulation in undergraduate medical education: bridging the gap between theory and practice. Medical Education, 38, 32-38.
Watson, W. R., Mong, C. J., & Harris, C. A. (2011). A case study of the in-class use of a video game for teaching high school history. Computers & Education, 56.
Yien, J.-M., Hung, C.-M., Hwang, G.-J., & Lin, Y.-C. (2011). A GAME-BASED LEARNING APPROACH TO IMPROVING STUDENTS’ LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS IN A NUTRITION COURSE. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 10(2).