臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

李安電影《斷背山》因牽涉同性戀的牛仔議題而備受爭議。此部電影揭露了1960年代保守的懷俄明社會中，對於同性戀議題的社會限制。傳統觀念中，牛仔乃屬於男性陽剛特質的典範，此電影則對於牛仔有了新的詮釋。兩位主角悲劇性的結局顯露出西方社會規範中的父系社會主體以及強調男性陽剛特質為主宰的體系。在電影的最後一幕中，艾尼斯保存了傑克的襯衫，將斷背山的明信片釘在衣櫥的門上，獨自說著：「傑克，我發誓」而關閉衣櫥。此場景顯露出同性戀關係乃屬於暗櫃內私下、非公開的秘密。觀眾亦能覺察異性戀霸權藉由壓迫與毀滅不斷地壓迫同性戀的生存空間，進而發展出全面剷除同性戀的一種恐同症文化，如同賽菊沃克所提出的論點：「暗櫃為本世紀對同性戀者最大的壓迫」。在《斷背山》中，傳統的男性陽剛特質典範不但影響兩位主角的命運，亦影響了兩人在男性陽剛特質的自我表現，迫使兩人將同性戀身分隱藏於異性戀社會之中。本論文旨在分析兩位主角的個性與行為，進而闡述男性陽剛特質的定義。賽菊沃克的理論使得我們能理解兩位主角將同性戀身分隱藏於暗櫃內的動機，進而揭露出暗櫃的機制與功能。藉由侵犯性的惡意攻擊，恐同症的異性戀社會公然的同意社會大眾對於同性戀者的仇視。也因此艾尼斯．戴爾．瑪不斷呈現出一種內化性的恐同症。另一方面，傑克．崔斯特則是犧牲生命抵抗壓迫，力圖為自我發聲。

Ang Lee’s controversial film Brokeback Mountain deals with the issue of homosexual cowboys in 1960’s America. While revealing the social constraints on homosexuality, the film demonstrates the conservative society in Wyoming in the 1960’s. As audiences traditionally regard the cowboy as an archetype of masculinity, the film provides an alternative way to determine the two cowboys. The tragic story between the two cowboys displays the social conformity of the West embedded in masculinity and patriarchy. In the last scenario Ennis preserves a shirt from Jack’s closet, tacking a postcard of Brokeback Mountain on his closet door, mumbling the monologue: “Jack, I swear…” (97), then he closed the closet. The scene not only represents the private homosexual relationship belongs to the secret part of his life but also suggests that the homosexual identity is located in the closet. The viewers can perceive that the homosexuals suffer from the heterosexual dominance by repression and annihilation. The homophobic culture endeavors to erode homosexuality by all means. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick advocates a bolding argument that the closet is “the defining structure for gay oppression in this century” (Sedgwick 71). In Brokeback Mountain, the traditional masculine figures constantly direct the two characters’ fates, influencing the self-representation of manhood. Most importantly, the protagonists conceal their sexual orientations from the heterosexual society. Therefore, this thesis attempts to investigate masculinity by analyzing the characters’ personalities and behaviors. Through Segwick’s theory, this thesis will elaborate the motive of the leading characters’ hiding in the closet. By doing so, the function and the organization of the closet will be illuminated. Through the aggressive assault of the gay-bashing, the heterosexual society permits a public hostility toward homosexuality as well as demonstrating a homophobic society. As the victim of the closet, Ennis del Mar presents the audience a chronic internalized homophobia while Jack Twist endeavors to articulate himself at the cost of his life.

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract in Chinese iii
Abstract in English v
Chapter I
Introduction 1
Chapter II
Masculinity 20
Chapter III
Inside/Outside the Closet:
Silence and Articulation of Ennis and Jack 38
Chapter IV
“Two Guys Livin’ Together? No Way”:
An Analysis of Homophobia 55
Chapter V
Conclusion 71
Works Cited 80
 

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