臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究的第一部份應用電致螢光技術(Electroluminescence)觀察多晶矽太陽能模組老化過程中晶片品質變化情形，並配合I-V特性量測以確定模組損壞主要發生在哪些階段，以及了解不同銲料(SnPb40、SnPb36Ag2、SnAg3.5Cu0.7、SnAg3.0Cu0.5、SnAg3.5)銲接溫度對模組性能的影響。
實驗結果顯示，大部份損壞之發生時間點會延後至熱循環(Thermal cycling test, TC) 的實驗階段。無鉛銲料因熔點較高，尤其D組因組成成份略偏離共晶溫度，故需要較高熱風溫度。不過C和D組樣品皆顯示不錯銲接品質，在老化過程中都沒有出現損傷或功率大幅衰退情形。相反地，E組樣品出現過銲與空銲情形，但空銲情形不若B組那麼多，暗示類似B組一樣，添加銀可能會使工作視窗變窄。但若同時添加銅則可改善此現象。
拉力實驗顯示，在相同銲接溫度下，鉛錫銲料比鉛錫銀銲料的黏著性強，主要因是銀鉛錫銲料的工作視窗較窄，易產生空銲所致。而D組因熔點高所需工作溫度也高，但其黏著性較C組銲條來的好。
第二部分採用南台科技大學T棟頂樓5.06 kW太陽能發電（PV）系統之發電資料進行分析，以掌握影響PV系統發電量的各種因素，包括模組溫度、日照強度、日照小時等。分析結果顯示，台南永康地區年平均每日有效日照小時為3.44小時，此PV系統平均轉換效率為8.20±0.63%，每日平均發電量為17.04 kWh。除日照強度外，晶片溫度是決定PV系統效率重要因素之一。未來除持續改善晶片和模組效率外，如何降低系統晶片溫度也是值得思考的方向。

In the first part of this study, electroluminescent (EL) technique is used to observe the quality change of multicrystalline Si solar cells during fabrication and aging processes. Furthermore, IV measurements will be taken to find out at which stages the damages occur. Finally, we also discuss the influences on the module efficiency caused by different solders (SnPb40、SnPb36Ag2、SnAg3.5Cu0.7、SnAg3.0Cu0.5、SnAg3.5) and soldering temperatures.
Experimental results show that most damages didn’t occur until the thermal cycling test (TC).Due to the high melting point of the lead-free solders, a higher hot-air temperature was needed, especially in group D, whose components slightly deviated from its eutectic temperature. However, both group C and group D show promising soldering quality. In both groups, there were no damages or huge decrease of output power during the aging process. In contrast, over soldering and floating solders often occurred in group E, though not as frequent as in group B, suggesting that if adding Ag might cause the working window to become narrow, just like that in group B. But if Cu was added at the same time, this problem could be immediately improved.
Tensile tests revealed that under the same soldering temperature, the adhesion of Pb-Sn alloy was stronger than that of Pb-Sn-Ag alloy. This phenomenon is mainly caused by a narrow working window, which easily resulted in floating solders. Because of the high melting point, the ribbon of group D needed a higher working temperature, but its adhesion was stronger than that of group C.
In the second part of this study, the data of a 5.06kW-PV system located in STUST building T were analyzed to obtain information about factors that influence the output power of PV modules, such as module temperature, solar irradiance, and effective sunshine hours, etc. Analysis results show that the average efficient sunshine hours a day in Yongkang area in Tainan are 3.44 hours. The average efficiency of this PV system is 8.20±0.63%, with an average daily output power of 17.04 kWh. Besides the intensity of sunlight, the temperature of solar cells is also an important factor that determines the efficiency of the whole PV system. In addition to further improving the efficiency of solar cells and PV modules, how to lower the cell temperature will also be a major concern in the future.

目錄
摘要I
AbstractII
致謝IV
目錄V
圖目錄VII
表目錄XI
第一章緒論1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機2
1.3 論文架構3
第二章基本理論與文獻回顧4
2.1 太陽能模組結構與製造4
2.2 太陽能晶片銲接技術5
2.3 無鉛銲條6
2.4 電致螢光檢測(ELECTROLUMINESCENCE；EL) 7
2.5 太陽能系統8
2.5.1太陽能系統設計與原理9
2.5.2 太陽能發電系統初步設計規劃注意事項13
第三章製程步驟與實驗方法14
3.1 實驗規劃14
3.2 晶片銲接15
3.3 EL檢測16
3.4 模組封裝製程17
3.5 耐候性試驗19
3.5.1 模組耐候性試驗19
3.6 電流-電壓特性曲線量測 20
3.7 拉伸試驗21
3.8 太陽能系統重要組件21
第四章結果與討論26
4.1 模組損壞分析26
4.2 模組損失模式40
4.2.1 過銲40
4.2.2 空銲43
4.2.3 裂縫46
4.3 模組I-V曲線比較52
4.3.1過銲53
4.3.2空銲59
4.3.3裂縫65
4.4 空銲銲接檢測76
4.5 小結 84
第五章PV系統發電特性86
5.1全年資料分析與討論86
5.2不同月份資料分析與討 95
5.2.1每日資料分析與討論102
5.3系統效率111
5.3.1轉換效率111
5.3.2系統相對轉換效率(一)112
5.3.3系統相對轉換效率(二)114
5.3.4系統相對轉換效率(三)115
5.3.5Inverter效率116
5.4有效日照小時117
5.5小節118
第六章結論與展望119
參考文獻121
附錄123
作者簡介133

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