臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

This study analyses the factors affecting production efficiency on small and medium coffee producers in North Central region of Nicaragua. To carry out this analysis, a non parametric approach DEA is used. It also has a second stage Tobit Regression analysis to measure efficiency factors of production throughout the farms specific attributes and socio-economic variables. This study uses primary data research through the collection of 140 surveys to farms during the 2011-2012 crop years.

The results obtained show that TE for small medium and all farms together is 0.52, 0.70 and 0.61 respectively. Medium farms over pass small ones by 18% more of TE. The analysis also reveals that the educational level of the farmer, number of family member living in the farm, access to credit and diversification are the major socioeconomic variables influencing the farmers’ technical efficiency. Finally, the findings prove that further productivity gains linked to the improvement of technical efficiency and implication of new government policies may allow Nicaraguan coffee production to increase.

This study analyses the factors affecting production efficiency on small and medium coffee producers in North Central region of Nicaragua. To carry out this analysis, a non parametric approach DEA is used. It also has a second stage Tobit Regression analysis to measure efficiency factors of production throughout the farms specific attributes and socio-economic variables. This study uses primary data research through the collection of 140 surveys to farms during the 2011-2012 crop years.

The results obtained show that TE for small medium and all farms together is 0.52, 0.70 and 0.61 respectively. Medium farms over pass small ones by 18% more of TE. The analysis also reveals that the educational level of the farmer, number of family member living in the farm, access to credit and diversification are the major socioeconomic variables influencing the farmers’ technical efficiency. Finally, the findings prove that further productivity gains linked to the improvement of technical efficiency and implication of new government policies may allow Nicaraguan coffee production to increase.

Table of Content
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... III
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... ……..1
1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND ............................................................................................ 1
1.2 RESEARCH PURPOSES .................................................................................................. 3
1.3 RESEARCH L STRUCTURE ............................................................................................. 4
II. INTRODUCTION OF COFFEE INDUSTRY ...................................................... 5
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF COFFEE INDUSTRY .......................................................................... 5
2.2 COFFEE HISTROY ........................................................................................................ 6
2.3WORLD COFFEE PRODUCTION .................................................................................... 7
2.4 REGIONAL COFFEE PRODUCTION .............................................................................. 10
2.5 NATIONAL COFFEE PRODUCTION ............................................................................... 12
2.5.1 Nicaragua’s Overview and Geographic location ........................................... 12
2.5.2 Nicaragua’s Economic Situation .................................................................... 12
2.5.3 Production Characteristic .............................................................................. 15
2.5.4 Main regions of production ............................................................................ 15
2.6 CONCLUSION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF COFFEE INDUSTRY IN NICARAGUA .................... 17
III. LITERATURE SURVEYS .................................................................................. 18
3.1 LITERATURE SURVEY OF DEA PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY ON AGRICULTURE ................ 18
3.2 LITERATURE SURVEYS OF PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY ON COFFEE BASED ON DIFFERENT
METHODOLOGIES ....................................................................................................... 22
IV. METHODOLY ...................................................................................................... 27
4.1 DEAMODEL ............................................................................................................ 27
4.2 THE SYSTEM MODEL ................................................................................................... 30
4.3 TOBIT REGRESSION MODEL .............................................................................. 32
V. EMPIRICAL RESULTS ........................................................................................ 33
5.1 DATA DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................................................ 33
5.1.1 DEA VARIABLES ................................................................................................. 34
5.1.2 TOBIT REGRESSION VARIABLES .......................................................................... 35
5.2 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 37
5.2.1 DEA RESULTS .................................................................................................... 37
5.2.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICOF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON THE TOBIT REGRESSION . 39
5.3 DEA RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 43
5.3.1 DEA CORRELATION ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 43
5.3.2 BCC AND CCR MODELS RESULTS ...................................................................... 44
5.3.3 THE SYSTEM MODEL DEA .................................................................................. 55
5.4 TOBIT REGRESSION RESULTS ...................................................................................... 60
VI. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 65
6.1 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 65
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 69
APPENDIX .................................................................................................................. 72
A. A QUESTIONAIRE ................................................................................................... 72
A.B DEA SCALE EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION OF BCC AND CCRMODELS FOR ALL FARMS ..... 75
A.C SCALE EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION OF BCC AND CCRMODELS FOR SMALL FARM ........... 79
A.D SCALE EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION OF BCC AND CCRMODELS FOR MEDIUM FARM ....... 81
A.E SCALE EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION UNDER SYSTEM MODEL FOR ALL FARMS ...................... 83
A.F SCALE EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION UNDER SYSTEM MODEL FOR SMALL FARMS ................. 87
A.G SCALE EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION UNDER SYSTEM MODEL FOR MEDIUM FARMS .............. 89

1. International Monetary Fund. 2010. Nicaragua: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, IMF Country Report No. 10/108,
2. Clifford, M.N. ; Willson, K.C. 1985. Coffee; botany, biochemistry and production of beans
and beverage, London, Croom Helm, International Coffee Organization
3. World Bank. 2011. Nicaragua at a glance,
4. United States Department of Agriculture. 2011. Coffee: World Markets and Trade, Foreign Agricultural Service
5. Haggar, J. 2007. Impact of Climate Change on coffee farming households in Central America and steps for adaptation in the future, Centre for Tropical Agricultural Research and Training, CATIE Apdo P-116, Managua,
6. Poudel, K. L. 2011. Comparing technical efficiency of organic and conventional coffee farms in Nepal using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach, 85rd Annual Conference
of the Agricultural Economics Society, Warwick University,
7. Aksoy M. A.; Beghin, J. C. 2004 Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank,
8. Rios, A. R.; Shively, G. E. 2005. Farm size and nonparametric efficiency measurements for coffee farms in Vietnam, the American Agricultural Economics Association, Rhode Island,
9. Mwakalobo, A. B. S. 2000. Resource Productivity and allocation efficiency in smallholder coffee farmers in Rugwe District Tanzania Agrest, Conference proceeding series volume 4, Published on the Internet by the SAP - Project at http://www.fiuc.org/iaup/sap/
10. Hailu, F. 2009. Technical EfficiencUMI Microform 3344528, Copyright by ProQuest LLC
11. Perdomo J. A.; Hueth, D.; Mendieta, J. C. 2007. Factores que afectan la eficiencia técnica en el Sector Cafetero Colombiano: una aplicación con análisis envolvente de datos
12. Villanueva, L.; Blandon, F.; Goh, K.; Gerwin, L.; Broughton, F. D. 2006. The Nicaraguan Coffee Cluster, Microeconomics of Competitiveness Spring
13. Narváez, G.E. 2010. Solidarity, Sustainability, And Standards: US-Nicaragua Specialty Coffee Networks, UMI 3419150 Copyright by ProQuest LLC
14. Kumar, R., Srinivas, L. R.; Singh, K. 2005. Technical Efficiency of Rice Farms under Irrigated Conditions of North West Himalayan, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics; vol. 60, No. 3; ABI/INFORM Complete pg. 483
15. Ishaq, J.; Sultan, A. A.; Sarfaraz, H.; Asghar, A. 2009. An Efficiency Analysis of Punjab’s Cotton-Wheat System , The Lahore Journal of Economics vol.14 No. 2 pp. 97-124
16. Sengupta, J. K. 1995. Dynamics of Data Envelopment Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Netherland
17. Cooper, W. W.; Seiford, L. M.; Zhu, J. 2004. Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston/ Dordrecht/London
18. Wollni, M.; Brummer, B. 2011. Productive efficiency of specialty and conventional coffee farmers in Costa Rica, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development,
Georg-August University of Gottingen, Germany: Elsevier
19. Cardenas, G.; Vedenov, D.; Houston J. 2005. Analysis of Production Efficiency of Mexican Coffee-Producing Districts, AAEA Annual Meetings, Selected Paper #134280
Providence, RIy of Ethiopian Coffee Production: An Empirical Study,UMI Microform 3344528, Copyright by ProQuest LLC
11. Perdomo J. A.; Hueth, D.; Mendieta, J. C. 2007. Factores que afectan la eficiencia técnica
en el Sector Cafetero Colombiano: una aplicación con análisis envolvente de datos
12. Villanueva, L.; Blandon, F.; Goh, K.; Gerwin, L.; Broughton, F. D. 2006. The Nicaraguan
Coffee Cluster, Microeconomics of Competitiveness Spring
13. Narváez, G.E. 2010. Solidarity, Sustainability, And Standards: US-Nicaragua Specialty
Coffee Networks, UMI 3419150 Copyright by ProQuest LLC
14. Kumar, R., Srinivas, L. R.; Singh, K. 2005. Technical Efficiency of Rice Farms under
Irrigated Conditions of North West Himalayan, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics;
vol. 60, No. 3; ABI/INFORM Complete pg. 483
15. Ishaq, J.; Sultan, A. A.; Sarfaraz, H.; Asghar, A. 2009. An Efficiency Analysis of Punjab’s
Cotton-Wheat System , The Lahore Journal of Economics vol.14 No. 2 pp. 97-124
16. Sengupta, J. K. 1995. Dynamics of Data Envelopment Analysis, Kluwer Academic
Publisher, Netherland
17. Cooper, W. W.; Seiford, L. M.; Zhu, J. 2004. Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis,
Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston/ Dordrecht/London
18. Wollni, M.; Brummer, B. 2011. Productive efficiency of specialty and conventional coffee
farmers in Costa Rica, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development,
Georg-August University of Gottingen, Germany: Elsevier
19. Cardenas, G.; Vedenov, D.; Houston J. 2005. Analysis of Production Efficiency of Mexican Coffee-Producing Districts, AAEA Annual Meetings, Selected Paper #134280
Providence, RI
20. Nchare, A. 2007. Analysis of factors affecting the technical efficiency of Arabica coffee producers in Cameroon, Department of Monitoring and Evaluation Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Cameroon, AERC Research Paper 163 African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi
21. World Bank. 2009. Agricultural Insurance in Nicaragua,