臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

西班牙在80年代中期加入歐體之後經濟持續成長，因此吸引了大量的外國移民進入。但隨著外來移民逐漸的增加，西班牙在20年的時間內由勞工輸出國轉變為移民的接收國。此外，西班牙在快速經濟成長背景下也促使了地下經濟的興起。龐大的地下經濟比例讓非法移民能以打黑工的方式在當地生存。西班牙在面臨大量外來移民之前，國內並沒有太多移民的相關規範。其中，尤其是南部邊境的管制特別寬鬆，使得非法移民有機會從南部邊境進入西班牙，並且開始滯留於當地，導致非法移民的問題逐漸的增加。
歐盟在80年代時開始重視移民的議題，隨著90年代單一市場的目標達成，非法移民的問題逐漸在會員國間浮現。人員自由流通原則不僅讓歐盟的居民能夠自由的進出其他會員國，同時也讓非法移民間接的受惠。其中西班牙因為長期無移民相關的法令規範，使其成為地中海區域中非法移民聚集處之一。西班牙的非法移民當中以北非的非法移民最受關注，因其文化和宗教的不同，不僅受到西班牙相關單位的重視，同時，歐盟也特別重視北非非法移民帶來的影響。
歐盟目前沒有共同移民政策，因此針對移民的規範主要是以會員國的法律為主。西班牙面對國內北非非法移民的問題，分別從外部和內部控管非法移民的進入，對外是加強南部邊境的管制，防止非法移民從此進入，對內則是透過合法化的方式，藉此減少其國內非法移民的數量。
本研究首先探討西班牙三個階段的移民背景，接著從經濟和社會層面說明北非非法移民帶給西班牙的影響，最後，為防止非法移民數量的增加，歐盟和西班牙如何共同合作達成減少非法移民的目標。

Spain was a country of emigration. After joining to the EC, Spain’s economy grew continuously which lured lots of foreign immigrants. The increasing numbers of the immigrants transferred Spain into a country of immigration. With growth in formal economy, the underground economy was booming at the same time. Thanks to the large proportion of the underground economy which was composed of both the legal and illegal works, many illegal immigrants could find a job and live in Spain. The underground economy was one of the pull effect.
In addition, the loose immigration policy was the other pull effect. Especially in the southern border which had the loose restriction, the number of illegal North African who passed the border easily increased year by year. The reasons above enabled the illegal North African to have the income and sustain their livings in Spain.
The EU has had their eyes on the immigration issue since 80s.Because of the free movement of people, which achieved under the EU common market in 90s, the number of illegal immigrants began to increase. Under free movement of people, European have the right to work, live and travel in another EU countries, while at the same time illegal immigrants benefit from the rules. That accounts for the soaring illegal population which became a problem in the member states.
Without strict immigration policies, Spain has attracted illegal immigrants and become a hub in the Mediterranean region. North Africa has different culture and religion. Therefore, the illegal immigrants from these countries bring attention in Spain. Not only Spain but also the EU consider about the affection of illegal immigrants from North Africa. The EU has not the common migration policy, and hence the migration policy is based on each member states. In order to reduce the number of illegal immigrants, Spain reinforce its southern border. Aside of border control, legalization is one of the main policy to decrease illegal immigrants in Spain.
The structure of this study is as followed. First, the historical background of immigration in Spain. Second, the social and economy impacts of illegal immigrants in Spain. Third, in order to reduce the illegal immigrants, how the EU and Spain combat them and what are the measures under immigration policy.

目次
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法 3
第三節 文獻評析 7
第四節 研究架構 12
第五節 研究範圍 13
第二章 西班牙移民背景 14
第一節 西班牙從勞工輸出國轉變移民接收國之背景 15
一、第一階段 1950年到1970年初 15
二、第二階段 1973年到1990年 16
三、第三階段 1990年之後 19
第二節 西班牙的非法移民 26
一、地中海區的非法移民 26
二、西班牙的北非非法移民 28
第三章 北非非法移民之影響 37
第一節　經濟層面 38
一、非法移民合法化 55
二、勞工定額制度 58
三、從地下經濟延伸的社會影響 61
第二節　社會層面 61
第四章　西班牙對非法移民政策的實施 71
第一節　歐盟層面 72
一、歐盟的非法移民相關政策規範之發展 72
二、邊境管制的共同政策和與非法移民來源國之合作 84
第二節　西班牙層面 88
一、西班牙移民政策制定的發展 91
二、西班牙對外移民政策 102
第五章 結論 119
參考書目 122

圖次
圖1-1研究架構 12
圖2-1外來勞工在西班牙主要從事之產業比例 18
圖2-2西班牙1980年到2010年外國移民數量 22
圖2-3 2000年到2007年非法移民在直布羅陀和加那利島的數量 29
圖3-1西班牙雇主雇用非法移民之比例 52
圖3-2西班牙非法勞工和當地勞工的比例 53
圖4-1 1999年到2006年非法勞工數量 109

表次
表2-1 1983年到1995年西歐國家的失業率 18
表2-2 1998年和2008年外來移民前五大聚集地 20
表2-3 1990年到2010年西班牙境內移民來源國的數量 25
表3-1 90年代西班牙地下經濟之比例平均值(%) 43
表3-2 2000年到2011年西班牙地下經濟之比例(%) 44
表3-3 地下經濟的分類 45
表3-4 西班牙2009年各產業占地下經濟之比例 50
表3-5 2004年外國人在西班牙產業工作的比例 54
表3-6 西班牙和其他南歐國家非法移民合法通過數量(千人) 57
表3-7 西班牙老人比例 60
表3-8 西班牙穆斯林族群的人數比例 70
表4-1 非法移民在西班牙和其他南歐國家邊境被逮捕的數量 98
表4-2 2003年到2006年 非法移民抵達加那利群島的數量 98
表4-3 2000年到2005年非法移民乘船進入西班牙被逮捕數量 106
表4-4 西班牙六次非法移民合法化申請和通過的數量 115

一、中文書目
(一)專書
黃克先譯(2006)，Saskia Sassen著，客人?外人?遷移在歐洲(1800~)，台北：巨流。
黃裕美譯(1998)，杭亭頓著，文明衝突與世界秩序的重建，台北：聯經出版事業公司。
蔡繼光譯(2002)，Peter Stalker著，國際遷徙與移民：解讀「離國出走」，台北：
書林。
蔡宏進(2010年)，人口學，台北：三民書局。
廖正宏著，文崇一、葉啟政主編(1985)，人口遷移，台北：三民。
Edgarl L.Feige著，鄭介甫譯(1994年)，地下經濟學，上海：上海三聯書店和上海人民出版社公司。
賴佳楓譯(2008年)，Castles， Stephen著，移民流離的年代，台北：五南。
(二)期刊
盧倩儀(2007)，「發展中的人類安全概念及其在歐盟非法移民問題上之適用」，問題與研究，第46卷第4期，頁27-47。
盧倩儀(2006)，「政治學與移民理論」，台灣政治學刊，第10卷第2期，頁 212-216。
卓忠宏(2007)，「歐盟-地中海區域移民問題之探討」，淡江大學歐盟資訊中心通訊，第14期，頁15。
二、英文資料
(一)Books
Anna Triandafyllidou (2010), Irregular Migration in Europe: Myths and Realities , Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy(ELIAMEP) and Democritus Greece: University of Thrace.
Alex Balch (2010), Managing labour migration in Europe-Ideas, knowledge and policy change, New York: Manchester University Press.
Belachew Gebrewold (2007), Africa and Fortress Europe: Threats and Opportunities, UK: Ashgate Publishings Ltd,.
Christina Boswell and Andrew Geddes (2011), Migration and Mobility in the European Union, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Corrado Bonifazi , Marek Okólski (eds) ( 2008), International Migration in Europe: New Trends and New Methods of Analysis, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Didier Bigo and Elspeth Guild ( 2005), Controlling Frontiers: Free Movement Into and Within Europe , USA: ASHGATE Publishing Company.
Gabriella Lazaridis(ed)( 2011), Security, Insecurity and Migration in Europe, England: ASHGATE.
James Raymer and Frans Willekens (2008), International Migration in Europe, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd,.
Martin Baldwin-Edwards, and Joaquin Arango (1999), Immigrants and the Informal Economy in Southern Europe, New York: FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS.
Peter J. van Krieken ( 2001), The Migration Acquis Handbook, The Netherlands: T.M.C. ASSER PRESS.
Rosa Aparicio, José M Ruiz de Huidobro De Carlos and Manchip, Colin Manchip
(2004), Policies on irregular migrants, Volume IV-Spain and the United Kingdom, Council of Europe Publishing.
Steffen Angenendt ( 1999), Asylum and Migration Policies in the European Union,　Bonn: Europan Union Verlag.
Zimmerman, K.F.(2005), European Migration What do we Know?, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(二) Articles
Amanda Levinson (2005), “The Regularisation of Unauthorized Migrants: Literature Survey and Country Case Studies-Regularisation programmes in Spain”, University of Oxford.
Ana R. Alcalde(2007), “The Spanish Action Plan For Africa”, Review of African Political Economy,Vol.34, No.111, pp 194-197.
David Corkill (2001),“Immigration, the Ley de Extranjería and the Labor Market in Spain”, International Journal of Iberian Studies, Vol.14,Issue3, pp148-156.
De Valderrama, C.B.F. (1993), “The New Hosts: The Case of Spain”, International Migration Review, vol. 27, no. 1, pp169-180.
Danielle M. Samek( 2010), North African Immigration and Human Security in the European Union: Lessons from France and Spain(University of Pittsburgh), pp34-78.
Emilio Reyneri (2001), “ Underground Economy and the new Immigration: The Case of Southern Europe”.
Emilio Reyneri (2003), “Illegal Immigration and the Underground Economy”, National Europe Centre Paper NO.66, pp3-14.
Friedrich Schneider and Dominik Enste(2002), “Hiding in the Shadows: The Growth of the Underground Economy”, International Monetary Fund, No.30, pp1-4.
Francisco Javier Moreno Fuentes(2005), “ The regularization of undocumented migrants as a mechanism for the emerging of the Spanish underground economy”, Working Paper 05-06.
Francisco Javier Moreno Fuentes, María Bruquetas Callejo(2011), “Immigration and the Welfare State in Spain”, Social Studies Collection, NO.31,(Barcelona: La Caixa Welfare Projects), p33.
Gemma Pinyol (2007), “Europe’s Southern Border: Spain and the Management of Immigration”, Foreign Policy in Dialogue, vol. 8, issue 22, pp51-58.
Gregory White (2011),“Risking the Strait: Moroccan Labor Migration to Spain”, Middle East Report, NO.218, pp216-218.
Hein de Hass (2007),“Morocco’s Migration Experience : A Transitional Perspective”, International Migration, Vol.45 pp39-62.
Hein de Hass (2009) ,“Focus Migration Country Profile Morocco”, Bundes für politische Bildung, No.16, pp1-9.
Martin Baldwin-Edwards (2002), “Semi-Reluctant Hosts: Southern Europe’s Ambivalent Response to Immigration”, The Brown Journal of World Affairs-Volume VIII, Issue2, pp211-227.
Martin Baldwin-Edwards (2006), “ Between a Rock ＆ a Hard Place•s: North Africa as a Region of Emigration, Immigration ＆ Transit Migration”, Review of African Political Economy,Volume 33,No.108, pp311-324.
Mary M Crain (1999),“New North African Immigration to Spain”, Middle East Report, No.211 , pp 23-25.
Michael Samers (2004),“An Emerging Geopolitics of Illegal Immigration in the European Union”, European Journal of Migration and Law,Vol.6,Issue1pp27-45.
Olympia Bover (1999), “Migration in Spain: Historical Background and Recent Tends”, IZA Discussion Paper No.88, pp13-17
Omar Encarnacíon (2004), “ The Politics of Immigration: Why Spain is Different”, Mediterranean Quartely, Fall, pp170-184.
Philippe Fargues (2004), “Arab Migration to Europe: Trends and Policies”,
International Migration Review, Vol.38, NO.4 , pp1348-1368..
三、網路資料
European Parliament, “ The European Council 15 and 16 October 1999 Presidency Conclusions”,
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/tam_en.htm, (23.11.2011)
Arturo Guerrero Enterría, “Islam in Barcelona, Spain”, EURO-ISLAM.INFO,
http://www.euro-islam.info/2010/02/27/islam-in-barcelona-spain/, (19.12.2011).