過去的研究中，我們可以知道當我們聞到噁心的味道，或是看見別人臉部噁心的表情的時候,我們的腦島會被活化。但是在神經影像實驗，尚未看到當人們聽到噁心的聲音，腦島會活化的結果。本篇研究，我們想知道相對於簡單非人聲以及複雜非人聲，人聲是否是獨特的。另一方面我們想藉由不同的神經機制來分類不同的情緒聲音是如何運作的。特別的，我們想知道腦島是否在聽到噁心的聲音時扮演著重要的角色。
有20個(10男10女)受試者參加這個實驗。我們的實驗刺激分為三個大類(人聲、簡單非人聲、複雜非人聲)，且每一個大類都包含三種刺激(標準刺激、快樂聲、噁心聲)。播放不同分類的順序是隨機且相互平衡的，由於我們使用的是不匹配負電位實驗設計，所以標準刺激、相異刺激1、相異刺激2之間的比例為8:1:1。 刺激呈現時距為1.2秒。之後我們使用腦磁波儀記錄並且分析資料。
本研究結果證實了，相對於簡單非人聲以及複雜非人聲，人聲是獨特的。前腦島在聽到噁心的聲音會被活化而不是被快樂的聲音活化。總結來說，前腦島在處理噁心的聲音扮演著重要的角色。

In previous studies, we knew that our insula could be activated by the disgust odor or the perception of other’s disgust facial expression, but neural imaging studies still failed to find insular activation to vocal expressions of disgust. The present study aims to distinguish the vocal salience comparing to acoustically matched complex and simple nonvocal sounds, and to categorize the processing of different emotional prosody according to its’ neuronal representations. In particular, we wanted to test whether insula played an important role in the processing of disgust voice.
We enrolled 20 healthy adults (10 males) to be the subjects. The experiment was divided to three blocks (vocal, complex, simple), which included three kinds of stimuli (standard, happy, disgust) respectively. The order of block was random and counterbalanced across subjects. We employed the MMF paradigm, Standard: Happy: Disgust (80%:10%:10%), the SOA was 1.2 s (550ms stimulus + 650ms idle). MEG was used to record the data for analysis.
The results showed that emotional voice compared to the acoustically matched complex and simple sounds was salience. Right anterior insula was only activated by disgust voice, but not happy voice. To make conclusion, right anterior insula played an important role for processing disgust voice.

中文摘要 1
English Abstract 2
Table of Contents 3
List of Figures 5
List of Tables 6
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Mismatch Negativity (MMN) 8
1.2 Vocalization 10
1.3 The application of MMN elicited by emotional and vocal sounds. 12
1.4 Emotion & Brain 15
1.5 Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 18
1.6 Aims for current study 19
Chapter 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 21
2.1 Participants 21
2.2.1 MEG recording 21
2.3 Design and stimuli 22
2.3.1 Auditory stimuli 22
2.3.2 Block design 27
2.4 Behavioral task (An emotional categorization task) 28
2.5 Analysis methods 29
2.5.1 MEG preprocessing 29
2.5.2 Minimum-norm estimation and Source analysis 32
2.5.3 Event-related MEG waveforms analysis (ERF analysis) 38
2.6 Regions of interests (ROIs) 40
Chapter 3 RESUTLS 47
3.1 The result of Behavioral task (An emotional categorization task) 47
3.2 Event-related MEG waveforms (ERF) analysis 48
3.2.1 Right posterior hemisphere 49
3.2.2 Left posterior hemisphere 52
3.2.3 Right anterior hemisphere 55
3.2.4 Left anterior hemisphere 56
3.2.5 The P3am 57
3.3 MEG dSPM source analysis 58
3.3.1 P3am related cortical activities 60
Chapter 4 Discussion 62
4.1 Behavior data 63
4.2 ERF data 64
4.3 Cortical level 66
References 71

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