臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究將太陽能與振動能雙能源擷取方式與感測電路做整合，為了將環境能源如:交流能源(振動能、無線電能以及壓電元件)或直流能源(太陽能)轉換成電能，本晶片整合整流器、振盪器、時脈產生器、電荷幫浦、電池充電防護電路、穩壓器以及儀表放大器。環境能源驅動的生醫感測器，所欲收集的能量源因為功率低，所以產生電壓也較小，因此透過升壓電路將環境能源轉換成電能，使得不穩定的能量源電壓能夠穩定在固定電壓，可不斷對電池進行充電，免除定時更換電池的步驟，系統上增加充電防護電路，藉以克服環境能源的限制，將電能储存於電容或電池等儲能元件中，進而提高储能元件的储存效率，使得該晶片成為一個可以環境能驅動並可自我充電的感測電路。使用TSMC 0.35μm製程，晶片面積為3.6 mm2。目前操作功率使用約1.3mW，一般振動能產出功率至多80uW，太陽能約10mW。

This research includes environmental energy harvest circuits, battery charging circuits and sensor circuits. In order to integrate environmental energy sources such as: AC energy (vibration energy and a piezoelectric element) or DC energy (solar energy) into electrical energy, the chip integrates the rectifier, the oscillator, the clock generator, the charge pump, the battery charging protection circuit, the voltage regulator and the instrumentation amplifier. How does the Environmentally Powered Sensor Readout Circuits work?! The boost circuits convert environmental energy into electronic energy. The battery charging circuit is applied to up convert the voltage from energy scavenger and store energy to electricity storage devices such as battery and capacitor. The combination of charging and harvesting
blocks make the sensor readout self-rechargeable. Using TSMC 0.35μm process, the chip area is 3.6 mm2. Power consumption is about 1.3mW, vibration power is about 80uW, solar power is about 10mW.

目錄
指導教授推薦書
口試委員會審定
授 權 書 Ⅲ
誌 謝 Ⅳ
中文摘 要 Ⅴ
英文摘 要 Ⅵ
目 錄 VII
表 目 錄 IX
圖 目 錄 X
1. 緒 論
1.1 計畫目標……………………………………………………… 1
1.2 計畫背景及相關研究………………………………………… 2
1.3 論文架構……………………………………………………… 4
2.環境能驅動感測電路原理
2.1 升壓電路……………………………………………………… 6
2.1.1 整流器電路原理……………………………………… 6
2.1.2 電荷幫浦(Charge Pump)電路原理……………………8
2.1.3 震盪器(Oscillator)與時脈產生器(Clock
Generator)……………………………………………12
2.2 電池充電防護電路……………………………………………14
2.3 穩壓電路………………………………………………………23
2.3.1 低壓降穩壓器…………………………………………23
2.3.2 帶差參考電壓…………………………………………30
2.4 感測電路………………………………………………………34
2.4.1 儀表放大器原理………………………………………34
2.4.2 非反相放大器…………………………………………39
2.4.3 雙級運算放大器………………………………………41
3. 環境能驅動感測電路量測與模擬結果
3.1 升壓電路………………………………………………………44
3.1.1 整流器模擬與量測……………………………………44
3.1.2 電荷幫浦模擬與量測…………………………………45
3.2 電池防護電路模擬結果………………………………………48
3.3 穩壓電路模擬與量測…………………………………………52
3.3.1 低壓降穩壓器模擬與量測……………………………52
3.3.2 帶差參考電路模擬結果………………………………55
3.4 感測電路模擬結果……………………………………………56
3.4.1 儀表放大器模擬………………………………………56
3.4.2 雙級運算放大器模擬…………………………………57
4. 結論
4.1 全系統模擬結果……………………………………………59
4.2 結論…………………………………………………………62
4.3 未來發展……………………………………………………63
參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………64
表目錄
表(1-1)文獻中儲能系統所使用的能量源與其應用…………………...3
表(2-3)切換式穩壓器和線性穩壓器的比較表………………………..24
表(3-2h)電池充電防護預計規格表……………………………………51
表(4-1)全系統模擬表…………………………………………………60
表(4-2)全系統消耗功率模擬表………………………………………60
表(4-3)參考文獻比較表…………………………………………………….61
圖目錄
圖(1-1)環境能源驅動的生醫感測器…………………………………...5
圖(2-1-1a)全波整流器…………………………………………………..7
圖(2-1-1b)主動二極體…………………………………………………..7
圖(2-1-1c)主動整流器…………………………………………………..8
圖(2-1-2a)基本的倍壓電荷泵浦………………………………………..9
圖(2-1-2b)加上負載之 Charge Pump…………………………………...9
圖(2-1-2c)Dickson Charge Pump………………………………………10
圖(2-1-2d)Dickson Charge Pump 級與級之間電壓輸出變動圖……...11
圖(2-1-3a)震盪器電路………………………………………………….12
圖(2-1-3b)控制時脈產生電路 ………………………………………...12
圖(2-1-3c)時脈波形圖………………………………………………….13
圖(2-2a)電池防護電路架構圖…………………………………………15
圖(2-2b)電池充電過程圖………………………………………………16
圖(2-2c)細流充電開啟電路……………………………………………17
圖(2-3d)細流充電開啟電路 2………………………………………….18
圖(2-2e)細流充電開啟電路對應鋰電池充電過程圖…………………18
圖(2-2f)轉導放大器電路……………………………………………….19
圖(2-2g)轉導放大器電路對應鋰電池充電過程圖……………………19
圖(2-2h)參考電壓電路…………………………………………………20
圖(2-2i)電流倍增器…………………………………………………….21
圖(2-2j)截止充電電路………………………………………………….21
圖(2-2k)截止充電電路 2……………………………………………….22
圖(2-2l)截止充電電路對應鋰電池充電過程圖……………………….22
圖(2-3-1a)穩壓器電路………………………………………………….24
圖(2-3-1b)輸出電壓差分析圖………………………………………….26
圖(2-3-1c)線性電壓調節率…………………………………………….27
圖(2-3-1d)接地電流分析……………………………………………….28
圖(2-3-2a)兩個方向相反溫度係數…………………………………….30
圖(2-3-2b)產生正 TC 電壓……………………………………………..31
圖(2-3-2c)帶差參考電路……………………………………………….32
圖(2-3-2d)產生 PTAT 電壓……………………………………………..33
圖(2-4-1a)差動放大器………………………………………………….34
圖(2-4-1b)反相放大器………………………………………………….35
圖(2-4-1c)反相放大器 2………………………………………………..35
圖(2-4-1d)差動放大電路的共模增益………………………………….36
圖(2-4-1e)差動放大電路的共模拒斥比……………………………….37
圖(2-4-1f)儀表放大器……………………………………………….....38
圖(2-4-2)非反相放大器電路…………………………………………..39
圖(2-4-3a)運算放大器…………………………………………………41
圖(2-4-3b)頻率增益相位圖……………………………………………43
圖(3-1-1a)整流器之模擬結果…………………………………………44
圖(3-1-1b)不同負載下整流器模擬與量測結果比較圖………………44
圖(3-1-1c)不同負載下整流器模擬與量測結果比較圖………………45
圖(3-1-2a)電荷幫浦模擬圖(振動能) …………………………………46
圖(3-1-2b)電荷幫浦模擬圖(太陽能) …………………………………47
圖(3-2a)細電流開啟電路模擬圖……………………………………...48
圖(3-2b)轉導放大器模擬圖…………………………………………...49XII
圖(3-2c)截止充電電路模擬圖………………………………………...49
圖(3-2d)全系統模擬 Pre-Sim 結果……………………………………50
圖(3-2e)全系統模擬 Post-Sim 結果…………………………………...50
圖(3-2f)全系統模擬 Pre-Sim 結果…………………………………….51
圖(3-2g)全系統模擬 Post-Sim 結果…………………………………...51
圖(3-3-1a)穩壓器輸入輸出電壓模擬結果…………………………….53
圖(3-3-1b)穩壓器輸入輸出電壓量測結果…………………………….54
圖(3-3-1c)穩壓器之負載調節率……………………………………….54
圖(3-3-2)模擬能隙參考電壓電路……………………………………...55
圖(3-4-1a)儀表放大器模擬結果……………………………………….57
圖(3-4-1b) 儀表放大器雜訊模擬……………………………………...57
圖(3-4-2a)雙級運算放大器模擬……………………………………….58
圖(3-4-2b)模擬放大器雜訊…………………………………………….58
圖(4-1)全系統模擬圖…………………………………………………..59

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