臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

身處於高度不確定的時代，有關員工偏差行為(Deviance behavior)的例子屢見不鮮。若產生偏差行為則將對組織產生巨大的傷害，然而有關外派人員偏差行為的研究少見，因此外派人員偏差行為之領域需要更多研究投入。

本研究從代理理論觀點，探討外派人員的組織承諾對偏差行為的影響關係及母公司的管理機制與組織承諾對偏差行為是否產生交互作用影響關係。經由文獻探討及邏輯推理，建立研究價購併提出研究假設。本研究採問卷方式蒐集資料，透過親友協助、網路問卷發放及請人資主管幫忙發放。總共發出500份問卷，共回收有效問卷105份，回收率為21%。

實證結果發現，情感承諾對員工偏差行為有部分影響；持續承諾對員工偏差行為有部分影響；情感承諾對偏差行為的負向效果會受到管理機制的干擾部分成立；持續承諾對偏差行為的正向效果會受到管理機制的干擾部分成立。

In the highly uncertain time, employees’ deviance behaviors frequently happen. Deviance behaviors will cause hugely detrimental impacts on organizations. However, there are rare academic researches on this issue. Thus, expatriate deviance behavior needs more emphasis.

From the viewpoint of agency theory, the study explores the effects of organizational commitment on expatriates’ deviant behavior and the moderating effects on the relationship between organizational commitment and deviant behavior. Through literature review and logical reasoning, we establish research framework and propose hypotheses. This study gathered data by questionnaires and send questionnaires through relatives and human resource managers. The study issued 500 copies and collected 105 valid copies. The effective response rate was 21%.

The research finding are: 1. Affective commitment has partial influences on expatriates’ deviant behavior; 2. Continuance commitment has partial influences on expatriates’ deviant behavior; 3. The control mechanism has partial moderating effect on the relationship between affective commitment and expatriates’ deviant behavior; 4. The control mechanism has partial moderating effects on the relationship between continuance commitment and expatriates’ deviant behavior .

目錄
摘要 I
Abstract I
致謝 II
目錄 IV
表目錄 V
圖目錄 VI
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與背景 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 代理理論 5
第二節 外派人員 7
第三節 組織承諾 8
第四節 員工偏差行為 10
第五節 管理機制 12
第三章 研究設計 15
第一節 研究架構 15
第二節 研究假設與推導 15
第三節　研究抽樣與來源 19
第四節　研究變項之定義與衡量 19
第五節 資料分析方法 21
第六節 效度分析 22
第七節 信度分析 27
第四章 實證分析 28
第一節 敘述性統計 28
第二節 相關分析 31
第三節 迴歸分析 33
第五章 研究結論與建議 45
第一節 結論 47
第二節 管理實務與意涵 49
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議 50
參考文獻 51

表目錄
表3-4-1組織承諾問項 20
表3-4-2員工偏差行為問項 20
表3-4-3控制機制問項 21
表3-5-1情感承諾效度分析 23
表3-5-2持續承諾效度分析 24
表3-5-3人際偏差效度分析 24
表3-5-4組織偏差效度分析 25
表3-5-5控制機制效度分析 26
表3-6-1量表之信度分析 27
表4-1-1性別 28
表4-1-2年齡 28
表4-1-3婚姻狀況 29
表4-1-4教育程度 29
表4-1-5 工作年資 30
表4-1-6職位 30
表4-2-1研究變項之平均數、標準差及相關變數 32
表4-3-1 情感承諾對偏差行為(正式控制為干擾項)迴歸分析結果 36
表4-3-2情感承諾對偏差行為(社會控制為干擾項)迴歸分析結果 37
表4-3-3 高度損失對偏差行為(正式控制為干擾項)迴歸分析結果 38
表4-3-4 高度損失對偏差行為(社會控制為干擾項)迴歸分析結果 39
表4-3-5 缺乏選擇對偏差行為(正式控制為干擾項)迴歸分析結果 40
表4-3-6 缺乏選擇對偏差行為(社會控制為干擾項)迴歸分析結果 41
表5-1-1研究假設結果 46

圖目錄
圖1-3-1研究流程圖 4
圖3-1-1研究架構 15
圖4-3-1 正式控制與情感承諾及財產偏差行為之調節效果 42
圖4-3-2 社會控制與情感承諾人際偏差行為之調節效果 42
圖4-3-4 社會控制與情感承諾對財產偏差行為之調節效果 43
圖4-3-5 社會控制與情感承諾對生產偏差行為之調節效果 43
圖4-3-6 社會控制與缺乏選擇對人際偏差行為之調節效果 44

1.姜定宇、鄭伯勳，2003，組織忠誠、組織承諾、及組織公民行為之研究，應用心理研究，19，175-209。
2.古珮玲，2002，組織間的信任、合作與機會主義對組織間知識移轉分享之影響研究，國立台灣科技大學企業管理系碩士論文。
3.張火燦、紀乃文，2006，護理人員組織承諾與專業承諾多元構面交互作用對離職傾向與離業傾向的影響：離職傾向與離業傾向的中介效果，人力資源管理學報，6(2)，111-122。
4.張清溪, 許嘉棟, 劉鶯釧、吳聰敏，1991，經濟學理論與實務。
5.許金田、顏鴻傑，2012，不當主管對待與員工行為的關聯性：傳統性與謹慎型人格特質的調節效果，國防管理學報，33(2)，49-73。
6.陳春希、李旭梅、鄭晉昌、魏裕興，2009，工作身份、角色衝突與組織承諾對組織公民行為影響之探究：以台灣高速鐵路BOT計畫案為例，輔仁管理評論，16(1)，1-18。
7.陳筱華、劉柏妤，2012，內部行銷、組織承諾、工作投入、及工作滿意對工作績效之影響—以台灣老人服務機構為例，行銷評論，9(3)，277-301。
8.曾信超、黃先鋒，2009，內部行銷與組織效能之關聯性—以組織承諾與工作滿意為中介變項，商管科技季刊，10(2)，291-326。
9.曾紀幸，1996，多國籍企業在台子公司網路組織型態及其母公司管理機制選擇之關係，國立政治大學企業管理學系未出版博士論文。
10.黃俊傑、王淑女，2001，家庭、自我概念與青少年偏差行為，應用心理研究，11，45 -68。
11.楊孟玹，2008，海外派遣人員工作價值與偏差行為關係之探討研究，大葉大學國際企業管理學系碩士班碩士論文。
12.鄒筱涵，2003，任用需求暨任用特質對多國企業子公司高階主管任用決策之影響，國立政治大學企業管理學系博士論文。
13.廖明坤，2003，台商大陸子公司決策自主權影響因素之研究，國立政治大學企業管理學系未出版之博士論文。
14.鄭清揚，2005，組織公平與職場偏差行為關係之研究，交大商管學報，10(1)，75-99。
15.Ahuja, M. K. and Galvin, J. E. 2003. Socialization in Virtual Groups. Journal of Management, 29(2), 161-185.
16.Arrow, K. 1971. Essays in the Theory of Risk Bearing. Chicago: Markham.
17.Baliga, B. R. and Jaeger, A. M. 1984. Multinational Corporations: Control Systems and Delegation Issues. Strategic Management Journal, 6(2), 115-134.
18.Bennett, R. J. and Robinson, S. L. 2000. Development of a Measure of Workplace Deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349-360.
19.Becker, T. E. and Billings, R. S. 1993. Profiles of Commitment: An Empirical Test. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 177–190.
20.Becker, B. and Gerhart, B. 1996. The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospects. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 779-801.
21.Brett, J. F., Cron, W. L., and Slocum, J.W. 1995. Economic Dependency on Work: A Moderator of the Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 261-271.
22.Cai, S., Yang, Z., and Hu, Z. 2009. Exploring the Governance Mechanisms of Quasi-Integration in Buyer-Supplier Relationships. Journal of Business Research, 62(6), 660-666.
23.Camara, W. J. and Schneider, D. L. 1994. Integrity Tests: Facts and Unresolved Issues. American Psychologist, 49(2), 112-119.
24.Colquitt, J. A., Lepine, J. A., Zapata, C. P., and Wild, R. E. 2011. Trust in Typical and High-Reliability Contexts: Building and Reacting to Trust among Firefighters. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 999-1015.
25.Coltman, T., Bru, K., Perm-Ajchariyawong, N., Devinney, T. M., and Beniot, G. R. 2009. Supply Chain Contract Evolution, European Management Journal, 27(6), 388-401.
26.Gruber, J. E. 1990. Methodological Problems and Policy Implications in Sexual Harassment Research. Population Research and Policy Review, 9, 235-254.
27.Dalal, R. S. 2005. A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Counterproductive Work Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1241–1255.
28.Das, T. K. and Rahman, N. 2010. Determinants of Partner Opportunism in Strategic Alliances: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(1), 55-74.
29.Das, T. K. and Teng, B-S. 1998. Between Trust and Control: Developing Confidence in Partner Cooperation in Alliances. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 491-512.
30.Das, T. K. and Teng, B-S. 2001. Trust, Control, and Risk in Strategic Alliances: An Integrated Framework. Organization Studies, 22(2), 251-283.
31.Doz, Y. and Prahalad, C. K. 1986. Controlled Variety：A Challenge for Human Resource Management in the MNC. Human Resource Management, 25, 55-71.
32.Dunlop, P. D. and Lee, K. 2004. Workplace Deviance, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Business Unit Performance: The Bad Apples Do Spoil the Whole Barrel. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(1), 67–80.
33.Dyer, J. H. and Singh, H. 1998. The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 660-679.
34.Egelhoff, G. W. 1984. Patterns of Control in U.S., UK and European Multinational Corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 15(2): 73-83.
35.Eisenhardt, M. K. 1989. Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. Academy of Management Review, 14(1): 57-74.
36.Feldman, D. C. 1984. The Development and Enforcement of Group Norms. Academy of Management Review, 9(1), 47-53.
37.Fryxell, G. F., Dooley, R. S., and Vryza, M. 2002. After the Ink Dries: The Interaction of Trust and Control in US-based International Joint Ventures. Journal of Management Studies, 39(6), 865-886.
38.Ghoshal, S. and Nohria, N. 1989. Internal Differentiation within Multinational Corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 10(4), 323-337.
39.Gill, H., Meyer, J. P., Lee, K. Shin, K-H, and Yoon, C-Y. 2011. Affective and Continuance Commitment and their Relations with Deviant Workplace Behaviors in Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28, 595-607.
40.Gong, Y. 2003. Subsidiary Staffing in Multinational Enterprises: Agency, Resources, and Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 728-739.
41.Grosse, R. and Kujawa, D. 1992. International Business: Theory and Managerial. Boston: Irwin.
42.Gupta, A. K. and Govindarajan, V. 1991. Knowledge Flows and the Structure of Control within Multinational Corporations. Academy Management Review, 16（4）, 768-792.
43.Harper, D. (1990). Spotlight Abuse-Save Profits. Industrial Distribution, 79, 47-51.
44.Harvey M., Speier, C., and Novecevic, M. M. 2001. A Theory-Based Framework for Strategic Global Human Resource Staffing Policies and Practices. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(6), 898-915.
45.Hodgetts, R. M. and Luthans, F. 1993. U.S. Multinationals' Compensation Strategies for Local Management: Cross-Cultural Implications. Compensation and Benefits Review, 25, 42-48.
46.Huang, T.J., Chi, S.C., and Lawer, J.J. 2005. The Relationship between Expatriates’ Personality Traits and their Adjustment to International Assignments. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(9), 1656–1670.
47.Huang, M. C., Kao, K. L., Pu, W. P., and Lu, T. C. 2009. Control Mechanisms as Enhancers of IJV Performance: The Mediating Role of Perceived Value Gap and Information Asymmetry. Paper presented at 2009 Academy of Management Annual Meeting.
48.Jensen, M. C., and Meckling, W. H. 1976. Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(2), 305-360.
49.Kaplan, H. B. 1975. Increase in Self-Rejection as an Antecedent of Deviant Responses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 4(3), 281-292.
50.Koch, J. L. and Steers, R. M. 1978. Job Attachment, Satisfaction, and Turnover among Public Sector Employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 12(1), 119–128.
51.Kumar, S., and Seth, A. 1998. The Design of Coordination and Control Mechanisms for Managing Joint Venture-Parent Relationships. Strategic Management Journal, 19(6), 579-599.
52.Kwon, I-W. G. and Suh, T. 2004. Factors Affecting the Level of Trust and Commitment in Supply Chain Relationships. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 40(2), 4-14.
53.Li, Y., Xie, E., Teo, H. H., and Peng, M. W. 2010. Formal Control and Social Control in Domestic and International Buyer-Supplier Relationships. Journal of Operations Management, 28(4), 333-344.
54.Mahapatra, S. K., Narasimhan, R., and Barbieri, P. 2010. Strategic Interdependence, governance Effectiveness and Supplier Performance: A Dyadic Case Study Investigation and Theory Development. Journal of Operations Management, 28(6), 537-552.
55.Malhotra, D. and Lumineau, F. 2011. Trust and Collaboration in the Aftermath of Conflict: The Effects of Contract Structure. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 981-998.
56.McGurn, X. 1988. Spotting the Thieves Who Work among Us. Wall Street Journal, 16a.
57.Meyer, J. P., and Allen, N. J. 1997. Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
58.Meyer, J. P., and Allen, N. J. 1991. A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61–89.
59.Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., and Smith, C. A. 1993. Commitment to Organizations and Occupations: Extension of the Three-Component Conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538–551.
60.Meyer, J. P., and Herscovitch, L. 2001. Commitment in the Workplace: Toward a General Model. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 299–326.
61.Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., and Topolyntsky, L. 2002. Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16, 20–52.
62.Morris, M. A. and Robie, C. 2002. A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Cross-Cultural Training on Expatriate Performance and Adjustment. International Journal of Training and Development, 5(2), 112-125.
63.Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., and Steers, R. M. 1982. Employee-organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover. New York: Academic.
64.Harper Nakos, G. and Brouthers, K. D. 2008. International Alliance Commitment and Performance of Small and Medium-size Enterprise: The Mediating Role of Process Control. Journal of International Management, 14(2), 124-127.
65.O’Donnell, W. S. 2000. Managing Foreign Subsidiaries: Agents of Headquarters, or An Interdependent Network? Strategic Management Journal, 21(5), 525-548.
66.Ott, C. M. and Ivens, B. S. 2009. Revisiting the Norm Concept in Relational Governance. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(6), 577-583
67.Ouchi, W. G. 1979. A Conceptual Framework for the Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms. Management Science, 25(9), 833-848.
68.Paik, Y. and Sohn, J. D. 2004. Expatriate Managers and MNC’s Ability to Control International Subsidiaries：The Case of Japanese MNCs. Journal of World Business, 39, 61-71.
69.Poppo, L. and Zenger, T. 2002. Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function As Substitutes or Complements? Strategic Management Journal, 23(8), 707-725.
70.Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., and Boulian, P. 1974. Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover among Psychiatric Technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603-609.
71.Rasmusen, E. 1989. Games and Information: An Introduction to Game Theory. New York: B. Blackwell.
72.Riketta, M. 2002. Attitudinal Organizational Commitment and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 257–266.
73.Robinson, S. L. and Bennett, R. J. 1995. A Typology of Deviant Workplace Behaviors: A Multidimensional Scaling Study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555-572.
74.Roth, K., Schweiger, D. M., and Morrison, A. J. 1991. Global Strategy Implementation at the Business Unit Level: Operational Capabilities and Administrative Mechanisms. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(3), 369-402.
75.Schmidtke, J. M.(2007). The Relationship between Social Norm Consensus, Perceived Similarity, and Observer Reactions to Coworker Theft. Human Resource Management, 46(4), 561-582.
76.Spector, P. E., and Fox, S. 2002. An Emotion-Centered Model of Voluntary Work Behavior: Some Parallels between Counterproductive Work Behavior and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 269–292.
77.Steers, R. M. 1977. Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), 46-56.
78.Tan, D. C., and Mahoney, J. T. 2006. Why a Multinational Firm Chooses Expatriates: Integrating Resource-Based, Agency and Transaction Costs Perspectives. Journal of Management Studies, 46(3), 457-484.
79.Tangpong, C., Hung, K-T., and Ro, Y. K. 2010. The Interaction Effect of Relational Norms and Agent Cooperativeness on Opportunism in Buyer-Supplier Relationships. Journal of Operations Management, 28(5), 398-414.
80.Thoresen, C. J., Kaplan, S. A., Barsky, A. P., de Chermont, K., and Warren, C. R. 2003. The Affective Underpinning of Job Perceptions and Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review and Integration. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 914–945.
81.Thorgren, S., Wincent, J., and Eriksson, J. 2011. Too Small or Too Large to Trust Your Partners in Multipartner Alliances? The Role of Effort in Initiating Generalized Exchange. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 27(1), 99-112.
82.Villena, V. H., Revilla, E., and Choi, T. Y. 2011. The Dark Side of Buyer-supplier Relationships: A Social Capital Perspective. Journal of Operations Management, 29(6), 561-576.
83.Weber, L. and Mayer, K. J. 2011. Designing Effective Contracts: Exploring the Influence of Framing and Expectations. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 53-75.
84.Wimbush, J. C. and Dalton, D. R. 1997. Base Rate for Employee Theft: Convergence of Multiple Methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 756-763.
85.Wong, M. M. L. 2001. Internationalizing Japanese Expatriate Managers: Organizational Learning through International Assignment. Management Learning, 32, 237-251,
86.Zhang, J. and Keh, H. T. 2009. Interorganizational Exchange in China: Organizational Forms and Governance Mechanisms. Management and Organization Review, 6(1), 123-147.