臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在這篇論文中，我們提出一套機制，透過Zigbee無線感測網路定位車輛，再經LED看板顯示車位區域分割的結果，提供駕駛了解每一區的車輛流動變化，能有效縮短尋找車位的時間，以提升停車場進出的管理效率。

本論文主要可分為三個部分，第一部分是架設IEEE 802.15.4的無線感測網路Zigbee 來做多跳網路連結，將停車場畫分區域，形成ad-hoc網路，來做資訊的傳遞。第二部分主要是透過Zigbee感測器來導引車輛，做停車位的偵測，以及跨區域的車輛辨識，便可得知每一個區域的車位使用率，以及區域內流動車輛的個數，判斷車輛為來車、停車或離車。最後一部分是資訊的顯示，透過LED看板將每一區域內的相關資訊經過計算總合後顯示給駕駛，駕駛便可透過即時看板資訊，選擇欲前往的停車位

在本論文中，我們主要的貢獻有下列幾點：
(1) 便利性：在高停車率時，駕駛可依照指示方向前往某一區塊停車，不需花費額外時間尋找車位。
(2) 實用性：低功耗、耗電性低，適用於大型停車場。
(3) 擴充性：Zigbee具有大量的節點數，最多可和255台設備做連結，整個網路最多可以支援超過65000個網路節點，具備自組織的功能。

最後，我們相信本論文提出的新機制在地下停車場的應用上，能有效改善停車場的管理和使用率。

In this thesis, we propose a new way to solve the underground parking garage problem. We use wireless sensor network Zigbee to position vehicles, and then the LED billboards display segmentation results of parking spaces, which can provide drivers some information about mobile vehicle within each region changes. It can shorten find parking spaces time to the drivers, and improve the parking garage management effectively in entrance or exit.

This thesis can be divided into three parts. The first part is to construct IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee wireless sensor network to do a multi-hop network links, and divide the parking garage into regions, then form the ad-hoc networks to do information delivery. The second part is mainly through the Zigbee wireless sensor network to guide the vehicle by using Zigbee to do empty parking space detection and cross-regional vehicle identification, then it can help the drivers to know the parking spaces utilization ratio for each region, as well as amount of vehicle flows within the region, and judge vehicle as incoming car, parking car or leaving car. The last part is information delivery, through the LED billboards display, it can calculate results of parking spaces within each region to the driver, then the drivers can select the parking spaces which they want to go by billboard information.

In this thesis, the contributions of our research are as follows:
(1) Convenience: In high parking rates, the driver can follow the billboard instructions to go one block parking their car, do not spend extra time looking for parking spaces.
(2) Practicality: low-power, low power consumption, suitable for a large parking garage.
(3) Extensibility: Zigbee with a large number of nodes, and more than 255 devices can be link, and the entire network can support up to over 65000 network nodes, which with self-organizing capabilities.

Finally, we believe that this thesis can effectively improve the underground parking garage management and utilization rate.

Contents

中文摘要 I
Abstract II
Contents IV
List of Figures VI
List of Tables VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.1.1 Parking space detection technology 3
1.1.2 Path planning guidance 5
1.1.3 information transfer 5
1.2 The proposed Schemes 7
1.3 Organization of This Thesis 9
Chapter 2 Background and Previous Works 10
2.1 Ad-hoc Network 10
2.2 Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network 13
2.2.1 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) 13
2.2.2 Zigbee 16
2.3 Indoor positioning 20
2.4 The use of tools 23
2.4.1 Hardware 23
2.4.2 Software 27
Chapter 3 Research Approach 30
3.1 The System Model 30
3.2 Combine Zigbee with Ad-hoc Network 33
3.3 Guiding car by Z-Location 38
3.3.1 Parking place detection 38
3.3.2 Area Detection 42
3.4 The result of Z-Location operation on LED 44
3.5 Simulations and Results 46
Chapter 4 Conclusions and Future Research 56
4.1 Conclusions 56
4.2 Future Research 58
References 59


List of Figures

Figure 1- 1 Growing trend of vehicle 1
Figure 1- 2 System Architecture 7
Figure 2- 1 Compare Infrastructure Network with Ad-hoc Network [29] 10
Figure 2- 2 The Ad-hoc Routing Protocol 11
Figure 2- 3 Smart Dust 13
Figure 2- 4 Wireless Sensor Network 15
Figure 2- 5 Wireless communication protocol of Zigbee is based on IEEE802.15.4 16
Figure 2- 6 Compare with 2.4GHz,915MHz and 868MHz 17
Figure 2- 7 Topology types of Zigbee 19
Figure 2- 8 Using indoor positioning technology to do location 20
Figure 2- 9 CC2430EB 23
Figure 2- 10 CC2430/CC2431EM-S 24
Figure 2- 11 Wireless model of CC2430 24
Figure 2- 12 The system function module of CC2431 chip 25
Figure 2- 13 CC243x-Dubugger 26
Figure 2- 14 General Packet Sniffer 26
Figure 2- 15 IAR Embedded WorkBench IDE 27
Figure 2- 16 SmartRF Flash Programmer 28
Figure 2- 17 General Packet Sniffer 28
Figure 2- 18 TI CC2430/CC2431 29
Figure 2- 19 Z-Location 29
Figure 3- 1 The system architecture Flowchart 30
Figure 3- 2 Interaction with client and server 31
Figure 3- 3 Region partition of parking garage 33
Figure 3- 4 Ad-hoc network 34
Figure 3- 5 A method of measuring the A value 36
Figure 3- 6 Using General Packet Sniffer to capture packets 36
Figure 3- 7 RSSI value sampling 36
Figure 3- 8 n value sampling 37
Figure 3- 9 Parking place detection flowchart 39
Figure 3- 10 Vehicle positioning of Z-Location 40
Figure 3- 11 Information deliver through Zigbee wireless network 41
Figure 3- 12 Area detection flowchart 43
Figure 3- 13 Show the information about the number of empty parking place and mobile vehicle within the region through the LED billboards 44
Figure 3- 14 Probability of the empty parking place 45
Figure 3- 15 Probability of mobile vehicles and empty parking places in each zone 45
Figure 3- 16 The state of vehicle is incoming car 46
Figure 3- 17 From Zone A to Zone B process 47
Figure 3- 18 The state of vehicle is parking car 48
Figure 3- 19 The state of vehicle is leaving car 49
Figure 3- 20 Calculate the total parking time and expense 50
Figure 3- 21 The system of search for the car 51
Figure 3- 22 Reference node, Blind node and Location Dongle 51
Figure 3- 23 The device has been connect successful 52
Figure 3- 24 Setting the referenced node coordinates 53
Figure 3- 25 Setting the blind node parameter, A=41,n=16 53
Figure 3- 26 Start to do Z-Location 54
Figure 3- 27 Capture the packets to obtain the information 55


List of Tables

Table 2- 1 Compare with 2.4GHz,915MHz and 868MHz 17
Table 2- 2 Zigbee wireless network compare with other wireless network 19

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