解說志工擔負著傳達各單位的經營理念，並經由解說服務，搭起與遊客之間互動的橋樑，由於解說志工在遊客休閒及遊憩中扮演著重要的溝通角色，如何讓解說志工可持續涉入解說任務便是一重要課題，藉由此研究，探討非營利組織單位解說志工其休閒涉入的影響因子，期望能提供管理單位經營管理上之參考。
故本研究探討個人層次之認真性休閒、休閒阻礙對休閒涉入之關係，並以組織層次團隊凝聚力為調節變數進行探討。研究對象以非營利組織單位的解說志工為研究樣本。透過立意抽樣對34個非營利組織單位進行調查，再以便利抽樣方式進行發放問卷，共獲得有效樣本394份。運用層級線性模式分析變數之間的關係，結果顯示，解說志工個人層次之「認真性休閒特質」會正向影響「休閒涉入」；「休閒阻礙」會負向影響「休閒涉入」；組織層次之「團隊的凝聚力」會正向影響解說志工的「休閒涉入」。

Voluntary interpreters are responsible for conveying the managing idea of every organization, and build up the interactive bridge between the tourists and the organization. Making the voluntary interpreters keep involving in the mission of interpretation is important because the voluntary interpreters play important communicative roles in the leisure and recreation activities. Through the study, the author discussed the influential factors of the voluntary interpreters’ leisure involvement in the non-profit organization, hoping that it can provide the managing reference for the management department.
The study discusses the relationships of serious leisure, leisure constraints and leisure involvement of individual level, and uses the group cohesion of organizational level as the moderating variable for discussion. The study used the voluntary interpreters of the non-profit organization as the sample, investigating 34 non-profit organizations through purposive sampling and then used the way of sampling by convenience to provide questionnaire. The investigation acquired 394 valid samples, manipulating the hierarchical linear model (HLM) to analyze the relationship between the variables. In consequence, “serious leisure” of the individual level of the voluntary interpreters has a positive effect on “leisure involvement”; “leisure constraints” has a negative effect on “leisure involvement”; “group cohesion” of organizational level has a positive effect on “leisure involvement”.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 viii
圖目錄 x
第一章前言 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究流程 3
第四節 研究範圍與限制 5
壹、研究範圍 5
貳、研究限制 5
第二章 文獻回顧 6
第一節 認真性休閒理論與相關研究 6
壹、認真性休閒定義 6
貳、認真性休閒衡量方式 8
參、認真性休閒相關研究 9
肆、小結 10
第二節 休閒阻礙理論與相關研究 12
壹、休閒阻礙定義 12
貳、休閒阻礙衡量方式 13
參、休閒阻礙相關研究 15
肆、小結 16
第三節 休閒涉入理論與相關研究 17
壹、休閒涉入定義 17
貳、休閒涉入衡量方式 17
參、休閒涉入相關研究 20
肆、小結 21
第四節 團隊凝聚力理論與相關研究 22
壹、團隊凝聚力定義 22
貳、團隊凝聚力衡量方式 27
參、團隊凝聚力相關研究 28
肆、小結 28
第五節 研究假設推導 30
壹、認真性休閒與休閒涉入之關係 30
貳、休閒阻礙與休閒涉入 32
參、團隊凝聚力之調節效果 33
第三章 研究方法 35
第一節 研究架構與假設 35
壹、研究架構 35
貳、研究假設 35
第二節 研究工具 36
壹、社經背景衡量 36
貳、認真性休閒量表 38
參、休閒阻礙量表 39
參、休閒涉入量表 40
肆、團隊凝聚力量表 41
第三節 量表信效度分析 42
壹、認真性休閒 42
貳、休閒阻礙 43
參、休閒涉入 44
肆、團隊凝聚力 45
第四節 研究對象與抽樣方法 46
壹、研究對象 46
貳、抽樣方法 46
參、樣本大小 46
第五節 統計方法 48
壹、描述性統計 48
貳、項目統計分析 48
參、信度分析 48
肆、結構方程模式 48
伍、階層線性模型 49
第四章 結果分析與討論 51
第一節 描述性統計 51
壹、社經背景 51
第二節 測量模式分析 54
壹、聚合效度 54
貳、區辨效度 59
第三節 現況分析 60
壹、認真性休閒之現況分析 60
貳、休閒阻礙之現況分析 63
參、休閒涉入之現況分析 65
肆、凝聚力之現況分析 67
第四節 層級線性模型 69
第五章 結論與建議 84
第一節 結論 84
壹、樣本描述 84
貳、現況分析 84
參、變數關係模式之驗證及團隊凝聚力之調節效果 85
第二節 建議 87
壹、未來研究建議 87
貳、對實務之建議 88
參考文獻 90
壹、中文文獻 90
貳、英文文獻 92
附錄A 解說志工問卷 101

壹、中文文獻
王志宏、張繼文，(2013)，認真性休閒與遊憩專門化之關係：社會資本之中介效果，戶外遊憩研究，26(1)，105-134。
交通部觀光局，(2012)，2012年國人旅遊調查狀況，【線上資料】，來源：http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/market.aspx?no=133 [2014, January 1]
朱建福，(2008)，中部地區自行車活動參與者之深度休閒、社會支持對休閒涉入的影響，雲林科技大學休閒運動研究所碩士班未出版之碩士論文。
吳忠宏，(2001)，解說員證照之研議，台灣林業，27(5)，52-60。
吳忠宏、黃宗成，(2000)，休閒農場遊客對環境解說需求之研究。環境與管理研究，1(2)，119-142。
李燕宏，(2012)，休閒阻礙對銀髮族休閒涉入之影響，中國文化大學觀光休閒事業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
沈進成、趙家民、張義立、曾慈慧，(2007)，志工認真性休閒涉入、阻礙、效益與承諾影響關係之研究-以福智教育園區為例，運動與遊憩研究，2(1)，19-43。
卓秀足、陳沁怡、楊仁壽，(2007)，休閒餐飲業員工的社會網絡對團體效能之影響，觀光研究學報，13(1)，47-72。
林又瑾、李英弘、葉源鎰，(2004)，認真性休閒與休閒阻礙關係之研究：以高爾夫運動者為例，戶外遊憩研究，17(3)，51-79。
林鉦棽，(2005)，組織公民行為之跨層級分析-層級線性模式的應用，管理學報，22(4)，503- 524。
林澤民、蔡玉卿，(2012) ，高中足球運動代表隊團隊凝聚力之研究，嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，11(2)，58-68。
林濰榕、李明儒，(2010)，風浪板從事者其遊憩動機對活動涉入之影響，運動休閒餐旅研究，5(3)，152-170。
林耀南、朱志忠、林書宇，(2012)，幽默風格、團體衝突與團體凝聚力之關聯性研究，創造學刊，3(1)，71-92。
邱皓政，(2011)，量化研究與統計分析SPSS(PASW)資料分析範例，台北：五南。
翁振益、林若慧、吳芳儀，(2006)，認真休閒者之動機、承諾若與休閒結果之研究-以非營利組織志工為例，戶外遊憩研究，19(1)，77-100。
張同廟，(2009)，大學校院學生社團參與動機對社團凝聚力之影響-以組織承諾為中介變項，新竹教育大學教育學報，26(1)，1-32。
張承，(2009)，管理學(上)，台北：鼎茂。
張明洵、林玥秀，(2002)，解說概論，台北：揚智。
張長義、姜蘭虹、王鑫，(1985)，墾丁國家公園解說系統規劃之研究，台北：國立台灣大學地理學系。
梁月春，(2009)，女性休閒運動自我效能、休閒動機、休閒阻礙與休閒涉入之關係研究—以高雄市參加有氧舞蹈休閒運動課程之學員為例，高雄師範大學成人教育研究所未出版之博士論文。
梁光余，(2003)，公立博物館的人力策略，博物館學季刊，17(4)，97-103。
梁英文、曹勝雄，(2007)，認真性休閒與場所依戀之關係：遊憩專門化扮演的角色，戶外遊憩研究，20(3)，1-24。
莊淑、鄭豐譯、聶喬齡，(2011)，國內教練領導行為與團隊凝聚力研究再探，臺灣體育論壇，3，49-60。
陳建彰、林柏化，(2010)，大專院校甲組桌球選手團隊成績表現對團隊凝聚力的影響之研究，淡江體育，13，76-88。
陳蓁琬、劉敏熙，(2011)，承諾型人力資源管理實務、團隊凝聚力、合作組織氣候對員工知識分享行為的影響，東吳大學企業管理系「2011年科際整合管理研討會」論文集，183-199，台北：東吳大學企業管理系。
陳寬裕、王正華，(2010)，結構方程模式分析實務: AMOS的應用，台北：五南。
陳寬裕、歐典灝、歐人豪，(2009)，認真休閒特質與幸福感之研究：兼論配偶支持的干擾效果。觀光休閒學報，15(2)，113-140。
陳曉薇，(2011)，探索教育引導員深度休閒與熱情對休閒涉入之影響，雲林科技大學休閒運動研究所碩士班未出版之碩士論文。
彭台光、林鉦棽，(2008)，組織現象和層次議題：非獨立性資料的概念和實徵，組織與管理，1(1)，95-121。
黃芳銘，(2003)，結構方程模式理論與應用，台北：五南。
楊志宏，(1989)，遊客行為與森林遊樂區經營管理之研究-以台北縣市民旅遊阻礙為例，國立臺灣大學森林研究所碩士班未出版之碩士論文。
溫福星，(2006)，階層線性模式原理、方法與應用，台北：雙葉書廊。
溫福星，(2006)，階層線性模式，台北：雙葉。
趙芝良、陳瑋苓，(2010)，建構爬蟲類寵物飼養者之認真性休閒職涯，戶外遊憩研究，23(4)，1-24。
劉育維，(2011)，賞鳥者之休閒阻礙、休閒涉入及休閒效益關係之研究－以關渡自然公園為例，中國文化大學觀光事業學系未出版之碩士論文。
潘淑蘭，(2006)，志願服務者工作滿意度影響因素之關係研究：以國立自然科學博物館解說志工為例，國立臺中教育大學環境教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。
潘淑蘭、吳忠宏、周儒，(2008)，解說志工活動涉入、地方依附與滿意度之關係研究：以國立自然科學博物館為例。戶外遊憩研究，21(3)，23-47。
潘慧雯、蕭秋祺，(2010)，大專校院籃球隊教練領導行為與團隊凝聚力之相關研究，長榮大學學報，14(1)，101-115。
盧俊宏、廖主民、季力康(譯)，(2008）。運動社會心理學，台北市：師大書苑。
戴有德、陳冠仰、李素馨，(2008)，遊憩涉入、場所依戀與場所認同因果關係之研究：以東豐綠色走廊遊憩自行車使用者為例，戶外遊憩研究，21(4)，27-57。
貳、英文文獻
Aoyagi, M. W., Cox, R. H., & Mcguire, R. T. (2008). Organizational citizenship behavior in sport: Relationships with leadership, team cohesion, and athlete satisfaction. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(1), 25-41.
Baldwin, C. K., & Norris, P. A. (1999). Exploring the dimensions of serious leisure: “Love me- love my dog”! Journal of Leisure Research, 31(1), 1-17.
Beal, D. J., Cohen, R. R., Burke, M. J., & McLendon, C. L. (2003). Cohesion andperformance in groups: A meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(6), 989-1004.
Bendle, L. J., & Patterson, I. (2009). Mixed serious leisure and grassroots organizational capacity: A study of amateur artist groups in a regional australian city. Leisure Sciences, 31(3), 272-286.
Blanchard, C. M., Amiot, C. E., Perreault, S., & Vallerand, R. (2009). Cohesiveness, coach’s interpersonal style and psychological needs: Their effects on self-determination and athletes’ subjective well-being. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(5), 545-551.
Bollen, K. A., & Hoyle, R. H. (1990). Perceived cohesion: A conceptual and empirical examination. Social Forces, 69(2), 479-504.
Brown, C. A. (2007). The Carolina shaggers: Dance as serious leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(4), 623-647.
Bryk, A., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models for social and behavioral research: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Caperchione, C., Mummery, W. K., & Duncan, M. (2011). Investigating the relationship between leader behaviours and group cohesion within women’s walking groups. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(4), 325-330.
Carron, A. V. (1982). Cohesiveness in sport groups : Interpretations and consideration. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4(2), 123-128.
Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1998). The measurement of cohesiveness in sports groups. In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 213-226). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The group environment questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 244-266.
Chang, S., & Gibson, H. J. (2011). Physically active leisure and tourism connection: Leisure involvement and choice of tourism activities among paddlers. Leisure Sciences, 33(2), 162-181.
Cheng, T. M., & Tsaur, S. H. (2012). The relationship between serious leisure characteristics and recreation involvement: A case study of Taiwan’s surfing activities. Leisure Studies, 31(1), 53-68.
Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. C. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9(2), 119-127.
Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. C. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309-320.
Cronbach, L. J. (1990). Essentials of psychological testing (5th ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Dimanche, F., Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1991). Testing the involvement profile (IP) scale in the context of selected recreational and touristy activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 23(1), 51-66.
Esfahani, N., Soflu, H. G., & Assadi, H. (2011). Comparison of mood in basketball players in iran league 2 and relation with team cohesion and performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2364-2368.
Estabrooks, P. A., & Carron, A. V. (2000). The physical activity group environment questionnaire: An instrument for the assessment of cohesion in exercise classes group dynamics. Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(3), 230-243.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Forsyth, D. R. (1990). Group dynamics, pacific. Grove, CA: Books-Cole.
Francken, D., & Van Raaij, W. (1981). Satisfaction with leisure time activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 13(4), 337-353.
Funk, D. C., Ridinger, L. L., & Moorman, A. M. (2004). Exploring origins of involvement: Understanding the relationship between consumer motives and involvement with professional sport teams. Leisure Sciences, 26(1), 35-61.
Gallant, K., Smale, B., & Arai, S. (2010). Civic engagement through mandatory community service: Implications of serious leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(2), 181-201.
Gibson, H., Willming, C., & Holdank, A. (2002). We're gators...not just gator fans: Serious leisure and university of Florida football. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(4), 397-425.
Gilbert, D., & Hudson, S. (2000). Tourism demand constraints: A skiing participation. Annals of Trourism Research, 27(4), 906-925.
Glass, J. S., & Benshoff, J. M. (2002). Development of group cohesion through challenge course experiences. Journal of Experiential Education, 25, 268-278.
Godbey, G., Crawford, D. W., & Shen, X. S. (2010). Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(1), 114-134.
Gould, J., Moore, D., Karlin, N. J., Gaede, D., Walker, J., & Dotterweich, A. R. (2011). Measuring serious leisure in chess: Model confirmation and method bias. Leisure Sciences, 33(4), 332-340.
Gould, J., Moore, D., Mcguire, F., & Robert, S. (2008). Development of the serious leisure inventory and measure. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 47-68.
Gould, J., Moore, D., McGuire, F., & Stebbins, R. (2008). Development of the serious leisure inventory and measure. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 47-68.
Gross, M. J., & Brown, G. (2008). An empirical structural model of tourists and places: Progressing involvement and place attachment into tourism. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1141-1151.
Haig, I., & McIntyre, N. (2002). Viewing nature: The role of the guide and the advantages of participating in commercial ecotourism. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 13(1), 39-48.
Hairs, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis with readings. New York: Macmillan.
Harrison, C., Comber, C., Fisher, T., Haw, K., Lewin, C., Lunzer, E., McFarlane, A., Mavers, D., Scrimshaw, P., Somekh, B., & Watling, R. (2002). ImpacCT2: The impact of information and communication technologies on pupil learning and attainment. London: DfES and Becta.
Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1990). Propositions for testing the involvement construct in recreational and tourism contexts. Leisure Sciences, 12(2), 179-195.
Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1997). Leisure involvement revisited: Conceptual conundrums and measurement advance. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 245-278.
Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1999). Leisure involvement revisited: Drive properties and paradoxes. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(2), 122-149.
Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1995). How enduring is enduring involvement: A seasonal examination of three recreational activities. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 4(3), 255-276.
Havitz, M. E., & Mannell, R. C. (2005). Enduring involvement, situational involvement, and flow in leisure and non-leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 37(2), 152-177.
Havitz, M. E., Kaczynski, A. T., & Mannell, R. C. (2013). Exploring relationships between physical activity, leisure involvement, self-efficacy, and motivation via participant segmentation. Leisure Sciences, 35(1), 45-62.
Henderson, K. A., Stalnaker, D., & Taylor, G. (1988). The relationship between barriers to recreation and gender-role personality traits for women. Journal of Leisure Research, 20(1), 69-80.
Herr, H. J., Fujiyama, H., & Campano, J. (2002). Emotion and stress in serious and hedonistic leisure sport activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(3), 272-289.
Heydarinejad, S., & Adman, O. (2010). Relationship between coaching leadership styles and team cohesion in football teams of the iranian university league. Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism, 17(4), 367-372.
Huang, C. (2009). Knowledge sharing and group cohesiveness on performance: An empirical study of technology R&D teams in Taiwan. Technovation, 29(11), 786-797.
Huang, H. W., Shih, H. Y., & Huang, Y. J. (2010). Internationalization in higher education - International student’s chinese learning as serious leisure in Taiwan. Cross-cultural Communication, 6(4), 28-39.
Hubbard, J., & Mannell, R. (2001). Testing competing models of the leisure constraint and negotiation process in a corporate employee recreation setting. Leisure Sciences, 23(3), 145-163.
Hudson, S., Walker, G. J., Simpson, B., & Hinch, T. (2013). The influence of ethnicity and self-construal on leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 35(2), 145-166.
Iwasaki, Y., & Havitz, M. E. (2004). Examining relationships between leisure lnvolvement, psychological commitmenl and loyalty to a recreation agency. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(2), 256-280.
Jackson, E. (1990). Variation in the desire to begin a leisure activity: Evidence of antecedent constraints? Journal of Leisure Research, 22(1), 55-70.
Jackson, E. L. (1988). Leisure constraints: A survey of past research. Leisure Sciences, 10(3), 203-215.
Jackson, E. L. (2000). Will research on leisure constraints still be relevant in the Twenty-first century? Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 62-68.
Jackson, E. L., & Henderson, K. A. (1995). Gender-based analysis of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 17(3), 31-35.
Jago, L. K., & Deery, M. A. (2001) Managing volunteers. In S. Drummond & I. Yeoman (Eds.), Quality issues in heritage visitor attractions (pp. 194-217). London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Johnson, M. E., & Fortman, J. B. (1988). Internal structure of the gross cohesiveness scale. Sma11 Groun Behavior, 19(1), 146-152.
Jones, I. (2000). A model of serious leisure identification: The case of football fandom. Leisure Studies, 19(4), 283-298.
Kapferer, J., & Laurent, G. (1985). Measuring.consumer involvent profiles. Journal of Marketing Research, 22, 41-53.
Kerstetter, D. I., & Kovich, G. M. (1997). The involvement profiles of divisions I women’s basketball spectators. Journal of Sport Management, 11(3), 234-249.
Kim, B., Heo, J., Chun, S., & Lee, Y. (2011). Construction and initial validation of the leisure facilitator scale. Leisure/Loisir, 35(4), 391-405.
Kim, J., Dattilo, J., & Heo, J. (2011). Taekwondo participation as serious leisure for life satisfaction and health. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(4), 545-559.
Kim, S. S., Scott, D., & Crompton, J. L. (1997). An exploration of the relationships among social psychological involvement, behavior involvement, commitment, and future intentions in the context of birdwatching. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 320-341.
Kozub, S. A., & McDonnell, J. F. (2000). Exploring the relationship between cohesion and collective efficacy in rugby teams. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(2), 120-129.
Kreft, I. G. G. (1996). Are multilevel techniques necessary? An overview, including simulation studies. Working paper, California State University, Los Angeles, CA.
Kyle, G. T., & Chick, G. (2002). The social nature of leisure involvement. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(4), 426-448.
Kyle, G. T., & Mowen, A. J. (2005). An examination of the leisure involvement-agency commitment relationship. Journal of Leisure Research, 37(3), 342-363.
Kyle, G. T., Absher, J. D., Hammitt, W., & Cavin, J. (2006). An examination of the motication involvement relationship. Leisure Sciences, 28(5), 467-485.
Kyle, G. T., Absher, J. D., Norman, W., Hammitt, W. E., & Jodice, L. (2007). A modified involvement scale. Leisure Studies, 26(4), 399-427.
Kyle, G. T., Bricker, K., Graefe, A. R., & Wickham, T. (2004). An examination of the relationships with activities and settings. Leisure Science, 26(2), 123-142.
Kyle, G. T., Graefe, A. R., Manning, R., & Bacon, J. (2003). An examination of the relationship between leisure activity involvement and place attachment among hikers along the appalachian trail. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(3), 249-273.
Kyle, G. T., Graefe, A. R., Manning, R., & Bacon, J. (2004). Predictors of behavioral loyalty among hikers along the appalachian trail. Leisure Science, 26(1), 99-118.
LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11(4), 815-852.
Lee, T. H. (2011). How recreation involvement, place attachment and conservation commitment affect environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7), 895-915.
Lent, R. W., Schmidt, J., & Schmidt, L. (2006). Collective eycacy beliefs in studentwork teams: Relation to self-efficacy, cohesion, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 73-84.
Mark, S., & Scott, C. (2002). The process-outcome connection in foreign policy decision making: A quantitative study building on groupthink. International Studies Quarterly, 46(1), 45-68.
Mathieu, J. E., & Schulze, W. (2006). The influence of team knowledge and formal plans on episodic team process - performance relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3), 605–619.
McIntyre, N., & Pigram, J. (1992). Receraction specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle-based campers. Leisure science, 14(1), 3-15.
Mowen, A. J., Payne, L. L., & Scott, D. (2005). Change and stability in park visitation constraints revisited. Leisure Sciences, 27(2), 191-204.
Nadirova, A., & Jackson, E. L. (2000). Alternative criterion variableagainst which toassess the impacts of constraints to leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(4), 396-405.
Newmahr, S. (2010). Rethinking kink: Sadomasochism as serious leisure. Qual Sociol, 33, 313-331.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
O’connor, J. P., & Brown, T. D. (2010). Riding with the sharks: Serious leisure cyclist’s perceptions of sharing the road with motorists. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(1), 53-58.
Raisborough, J. (2007). Gender and serious leisure careers: A case study of women sea cadets. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(4), 686-704.
Randenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear model: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Raymore, L., Godbey, G., Crawford, D., & Eye, A. (1993). Nature and process of leisure constraints: An empirical test. Leisure science, 15(2), 99-113.
Samdahl, D. M., & Jeckubovich, N. J. (1997). A critique of leisure constraints: Cpmparative analyses and understandings. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(4), 430-452.
Selin, S. W., & Howard, D. R. (1988). Ego involvement and leisure behavior: A conceptual specification. Journal of Leisure Research, 20(3), 237-244.
Sharpe, G. W. (1982). An overview of interpretation. In G. W. Sharpe (Ed.), Interpreting the environment (2nd ed., pp. 2-26). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Shen, X. S., & Yarnal, C. (2010). Blowing open the serious leisure-casual leisure dichotomy: What’s in there? Leisure Sciences, 32(2), 162-179.
Singh, R., Kanchan., & Tarandeep. (2012). Relationship between team cohesion and performance in ball games. VSRD-TNTJ, 3(5), 191-196.
Skowron, M. A., Stodolska, M., & Shinew, K. J. (2008). Determinants of leisure time physical activity participation among latina women. Leisure Sciences, 30(5), 429-447.
Smith, M. J., Arthur, C. A., Hardy, J. T., Callow, N., & Williams, D. (2013). Transformational leadership and task cohesion in sport: The mediating role of intrateam communication. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(2), 249-257.
Son, J. S., Mowen, A. J., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2008). Testing alternative leisure constraint negotiation models: An extension of hubbard and mannell’s study. Leisure Sciences, 30(3), 198-216.
Stalp, M. C. (2006). Negotiating time and space for serious leisure: Quilting in the modern U.S. home. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(1), 104-132.
Stebbins, R. (1982). Serious leisure: A conceptual statement. Sociological Review, 25(2), 251-272.
Stebbins, R. (1992). Amateurs, professionals and serious leisure. Montreal, QC: McGill- Queen’s University Press.
Stebbins, R. (1993). Social world, life-style, and serious leisure: Toward a mesostructural analysis. Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Stebbins, R. (1994). The liberal arts hobbies: A neglected subtype of serious leisure. Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Stebbins, R. (1997). Casual leisure: A conceptual statement. Leisure Studies, 16(1), 17-25.
Stebbins, R. (2001). New directions in theory and research of serious leisure. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Stebbins, R. (2001). Serious leisure. Society, 38(4), 53-57.
Stebbins, R. (2007). Serious leisure: A perspective for our time. London: Transaction Publishers.
Stone, R. N. (1984). The marketing characteristics of involvement. Advances in Consumer Research, 11(1), 210-215.
Tsaur, S, H., & Liang, Y. W. (2008). Serious leisure and recreation specialization. Leisure Sciences, 30(4), 325-341.
Westre, K. R., & Weiss, W. R. (1991). The relationship between perceived coaching behavior and group cohesion in high school football teams. The Sport Psychology, 5(1), 41-54.
White, D. D. (2008). A structural model of leisure constraints negotiation in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 30(4), 342-359.
Wiley, C. G. E., Shaw, S. M., & Havitz, M. E. (2000). Men’s and women’s involvement in sports: An examination of the gendered aspects of leisure involvement. Leisure Sciences, 22(1), 19-31.
Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., Schneider, L. E., & Russell, K. C. (2009). Leisure time physical activity of park visitors: Retesting constraint models in adoption and maintenance stages. Leisure Sciences, 31(3), 287-304.
Yalom, I. D. (1995). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (4th ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Yoder, D. G. (1997). A model for commodity intensive serious leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(4), 407-430.
Young, D. R., Gittelsohn, J., Charleston, J., Felix-Aaron, K., & Appel, L. J. (2001). Motivation for exercise and weight loss among African-American women: Focus group results and their contribution towards program development. Ethnicity & Health, 6(3/4), 227-245.
Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Cheng, S., Lu, S., & Shi, C. (2012). Role of constraints in Chinese calligraphic landscape experience: An extension of a leisure constraints model. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1398-1407.