臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在探討重型柴油引擎使用含水丁醇混合柴油與不同控制技術對PM2.5與碳成分之減量效率，並針對引擎不同負載與轉速操作測試其PM2.5與碳成分之排放特性，其中不同控制技術包含調整不同噴油正時(-6°與-10°)、調整不同廢氣迴流比例(EGR 0 %、EGR 5 %、EGR 10 %)以及有無加裝選擇性觸媒還原(SCR)等測試項目，測試油品為B2市售柴油與油品中添加10 %和20 %含水丁醇之混合柴油，其分別以WBT10及WBT20表示。引擎測試皆利用動力計執行歐洲穩態測試循環，於柴油引擎尾氣端使用旋風分離採樣器採集PM2.5樣本，分析PM2.5中總碳(TC)、有機碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)之質量濃度，並估算其排放係數。
研究結果顯示，B2市售柴油中添加含水丁醇，可降低PM2.5質量濃度；相較B2市售柴油，使用WBT10與WBT20混合柴油之PM2.5排放減量效率分別約47 %與50 %，其中TC佔PM2.5百分比為80 % ~ 91 %，OC/EC比值介於0.7 ~ 0.8，尾氣微粒大多以EC形式排出。引擎負載愈高，空燃比愈低，排放PM2.5濃度愈高，且排氣溫度增加，OC/EC比值由2.0降至0.2；引擎轉速愈高，油耗量隨之增加，引擎排放的PM2.5濃度有增加的趨勢，OC/EC比值介於1.7 ~ 2.8之間。
柴油引擎不同控制技術中，調整不同噴油正時(-6°延後至-10°)與加裝SCR，PM2.5排放減量分別約13 %與23 %，而調整不同廢氣迴流比例(EGR 0 %增至EGR 10 %)則增量約97 %，其排放PM2.5之總碳皆約佔80 %以上；另一方面，OC/EC比值介於0.2 ~ 1.2，當引擎內部燃燒較完全或引擎負載較高時，排放廢氣溫度高則OC/EC比值有明顯下降的現象。

The purpose of this study is to investigate the reduction efficiency of PM2.5 and carbonaceous contents emitted from a heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) by using water-containing butanol-diesel blends and different control technologies. The experiments were conducted to characterize the emitted PM2.5 and carbonaceous contents with engine operated under various loads and speeds. The tested items included adjusting the different injection timing(-6° and -10°), adjusting the different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates (0 %, 5 % and 10 %) and with or without selectective catalyst reduction (SCR). The tested fuels were B2 diesel and adding 10 % and 20 % water-contaning butanol-diesel blends (WBT10 and WBT20). The experiments were conducted on dynamometer under Europe steady testing cycle. PM2.5 were collected by using a cyclone sampler, and the samples were further analyzed for total carbon (TC), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). The mass concentrations and emission factors were finally estimated in this study.
The results indicate the mass concentrations of the PM2.5 are lower with adding water-containing butanol. Compared to B2 diesel, the PM2.5 reduction efficiencies for WBT10 and WBT20 blends are 47 % and 50 %, respectively. The percentage of TC in PM2.5 varies between 80 % to 91 %. OC/EC ratios are in the range between 0.7 to 0.8, which shows EC is the major content of PM2.5. The concentrations of PM2.5 are higher with lower air-fuel-ratio and the ratio of OC/EC changes from 2.0 to 0.2 because of the higher temperature of emissions and higher engine load. When engine speed and fuel consumption increase, the concentrations of PM2.5 tend to increase while OC/EC varies between 1.7 to 2.8.
The PM2.5 reductions by adjusting injection timing (-6° delayed to -10°) and adding SCR are 13 % and 23 %, respectively. But the PM2.5 increment for adjusting different exhaust gas recirculation rates (EGR 0 % increased to EGR 10 %) is 97 %. The percentage of TC in PM2.5 are higher than 80 %. On the other hand, OC/EC ratios are in the range between 0.2 to 1.2. When more complete combustion inside the engine or higher engine load, the OC/EC ratio decreased because of the higher temperature of emissions.

致謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iv
目錄 vi
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xi
第一章前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究方法與目的 3
第二章文獻回顧 5
2.1 柴油引擎排放微粒之特性 5
2.2 含水丁醇混合油品之物化特性 5
2.2.1 含水丁醇混合油品成分 6
2.2.2 含水丁醇混合油品之特性 6
2.2.3 含水丁醇混合油品之含水量 7
2.3 柴油引擎不同操作條件下排放微粒之影響 8
2.3.1 柴油引擎不同負載條件下對其排放微粒之影響 8
2.3.2 柴油引擎不同轉速條件下對其排放微粒之影響 9
2.4 柴油引擎不同控制技術 9
2.4.1 噴油正時(Injection Timing) 10
2.4.2 柴油濾煙器(Diesel Particulate Fliter, DPF) 11
2.4.3 廢氣迴流(Exhaust Gas Recirculation, EGR) 12
2.4.4 選擇性觸媒還原 (Selective Catalytic Reduction, SCR) 12
2.5 稀釋比與採樣系統對柴油引擎排放微粒之影響 13
2.6 重型柴油引擎排放標準法規 14
2.6.1 美國重型柴油引擎之排放標準法規 14
2.6.2 歐盟重型柴油引擎之排放標準法規 14
2.6.3 臺灣重型柴油引擎之排放標準法規 15
第三章實驗與研究方法 16
3.1 採樣期程與實驗參數 16
3.2 動力計與柴油引擎規格 18
3.2.1 動力計規格 18
3.2.2 柴油引擎規格 18
3.3 柴油引擎測試循環 19
3.4 柴油引擎採樣稀釋系統 21
3.5 油品性質與含水丁醇(WBT)柴油製配方法 22
3.5.1 油品性質 22
3.5.2 含水丁醇(WBT)柴油製配方法 23
3.6 柴油引擎控制技術與尾氣後處理設備 25
3.6.1 噴油正時(Injection Timing) 25
3.6.2 柴油濾煙器(Diesel Particulate Fliter, DPF) 25
3.6.3 廢氣迴流(Exhaust Gas Recirculation, EGR) 26
3.6.4 選擇性觸媒還原 (Selective Catalytic Reduction, SCR) 27
3.7 柴油引擎微粒採樣與碳成分分析 28
3.7.1 採樣濾紙處理程序 28
3.7.2 粒狀污染物(PM、PM2.5)採樣 30
3.7.3 微粒碳成分分析前處理 31
3.7.4 微粒含碳量分析 31
3.8 數據資料分析 32
第四章結果與討論 34
4.1 不同WBT比例之混合柴油對PM2.5與碳成分排放之影響 34
4.1.1 添加不同WBT比例之混合柴油測試PM2.5與TC排放特性 34
4.1.2 添加不同WBT比例之混合柴油測試OC與EC排放特性 41
4.2 引擎不同負載對PM2.5與碳成分排放之影響 43
4.2.1 引擎不同負載測試PM2.5與TC排放特性 43
4.2.2 引擎不同負載測試OC與EC排放特性 48
4.3 引擎不同轉速對PM2.5與碳成分排放之影響 51
4.3.1 引擎不同轉速測試PM2.5與TC排放特性 51
4.3.2 引擎不同轉速測試OC與EC排放特性 56
4.4 噴油正時調整對PM2.5與碳成分排放之影響 57
4.4.1 噴油正時調整測試PM2.5與TC排放特性 57
4.4.2 噴油正時調整測試OC與EC排放特性 62
4.5 廢氣迴流(EGR)對PM2.5與碳成分排放之影響 62
4.5.1 廢氣迴流(EGR)測試PM2.5與TC排放特性 63
4.5.2 廢氣迴流(EGR)測試OC與EC排放特性 70
4.6 選擇性觸媒還原(SCR)對PM2.5與碳成分排放之影響 71
4.6.1 選擇性觸媒還原(SCR)測試PM2.5與TC排放特性 71
4.6.2 選擇性觸媒還原(SCR)測試OC與EC排放特性 75
4.7 比較各項控制技術對PM2.5與碳成分之影響 76
4.7.1 PM2.5與TC排放特性與減量效率 76
4.7.2 OC與EC排放組成變化 78
第五章結論與建議 80
5.1 結論 80
5.2 建議 81
參考文獻 82
附錄 A 86
附錄 B 92
附錄 C 94

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