臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

番木瓜扦插成活率與插穗內在因子及外界環境因子息息相關，因此本試驗以3個月大之’ML×PPI’番木瓜實生苗為採穗株，採取15-20公分插穗進行扦插。結果發現番木瓜插穗在不帶葉之情況下，仍然可以發根，但因碳水化合物含量低導致插穗不定根形成數較少。夏季發根最為容易僅需15-21天；春、秋季較夏季晚，約22-28天發根；冬季最難發根，需32-36天。插穗長度在3-12公分之間隨著插穗長度縮短，插穗發根率和成活率皆有降低之趨勢，然而較長之30公分插穗發根數較20公分插穗少，顯示過短之插穗自身營養或生長賀爾蒙缺乏導致插穗不易發根，而過長之插穗則因組織間營養競爭導致不定根形成數較少。且插穗長度較短時(10公分以下)，插穗腐爛率高達20%，但經純白鏈黴菌素處理後可有效降低插穗腐爛率，顯示純白鏈黴菌素處理可有效降低插穗腐爛率。4種殺菌劑處理效果以2000% 9.4%賽座滅處理對插穗不定根形成及生長效果最佳，3000x 50%達滅芬和800x純白鏈黴菌素次之，1000x 23%亞托敏處理則無顯著效果。IBA處理插穗可提早發根時間，4000 ppm和6000 ppm IBA處理之插穗皆顯著促進不定根形成，其中以6000 ppm處理效果最顯著。扦插溫度於25-35℃皆有不定根之形成，但在20℃低溫下插穗無法形成不定根，顯示20℃以下低溫導致番木瓜插穗無法形成不定根。在變溫試驗中35/30℃、30/25℃和25/20℃變溫處理之插穗分別於15、18和27天發根，經6000 ppm IBA處理後分別提前至9、12和15天發根，顯示IBA處理可克服低溫抑制插穗不定根之形成。
插穗自母體切離後，呼吸率顯著上升，之後逐漸下降， IBA處理和對照組呼吸率較高，因此葉片扦插第3天即落葉，1-MCP和乙烯處理之插穗呼吸率較低，因此遲至第5天才落葉，顯示插穗葉片百分比與插穗呼吸率成反比。插穗經乙稀、1-MCP或IBA處理後皆促進乙烯釋放率上升，1-MCP處理快速下降，但乙烯處理之插穗到第2天達高峰後緩慢下降，IBA處理則維持相當久之時間，對照組則無顯著增加。所有插穗於落葉前呼吸率皆顯著上升，因老葉產生大量ATP供轉運物質之需，且乙烯處理之插穗在處理3天後在莖基部的糖含量和澱粉量皆明顯地較1-MCP處理高，在不定根形成和生長皆較1-MCP處理佳。顯示乙烯處理使插穗有較高之光合同化物量，並使插穗基部保持高含量之碳水化合物，因而促進插穗不定根之形成。

The papaya cutting survival rate was effect by internal factors and external environmental factors. Therefore, this experiment used from 15 to 20 cm of softwood cuttings, which were taken from 3-month-old ''ML × PPI'' papaya seedlings. Papaya cutting with leaves had higher formation of adventitious roots than non-leaf cutting. During summer, 15-20 cm of papaya cuttings only need 15-21 days for root formation. In spring and autumn was longer than summer about 7 days, and papaya cutting was difficult to rooting between 32 and 36 days in winter. Shorter cutting length between 3-12 cm had lower survival rate and root development. However, above 30 cm had less root than 20 cm cutting. Shorter cutting length (less than 10 cm) had high rot rate about 20%, but cutting treated with 800x Streptomyces can effectively reduce the rot rate. Cuttings were treated with 2000x 9.4% cyazofamid on adventitious root formation and growth of cuttings was better than 3000x 50% dimethomorph and 800x Streptomyces treatment. 1000x 23% azoxystrobin treatment was no effect. Cutting treated with 6000 ppm IBA on adventitious roots formation was better than 4000 ppm IBA treatment. 20 ℃ treatment of cuttings did not show adventitious root formation, compared with cutting treated at 25-35℃. In the variable temperature treatment, cutting were treated under 35/30℃, 30/25℃ and 25/20℃ showed root formation at 15, 18 and 27 days, respectively. When treated with 6000 ppm IBA rooting happened at 9, 12 and 15 days.
Cutting respiration rate increased significantly after cut from field-grown plants, and then gradually decreased. IBA treatment and control cutting’s leaves defoliate in the first three days, which 1-MCP and ethylene treatment in the first five days. All treatment respiration rate increased significantly before defoliation. Cuttings treated with ethylene, IBA, and 1-MCP of ethylene production rate increased after cutting. 1-MCP decline rapidly and maintained balance till 3th weeks, but ethylene treatment of cuttings achieve the peak after 2 days, and then gradually decreased maintained balance till 5th week. IBA treatment maintained high ethylene production rate for long days. Control cutting no significant increase after harvested. Cutting treated with Ethylene on leaf percentage are higher than the control group and IBA treatment, but only ethylene treatment and control group promoted adventitious root formation and development. Cutting treated with ethylene after 3 days had higher base of sugar and starch than 1-MCP treatment in the stem base.

中文摘要…………………………………………….………….………………………..i
Summary……………………………………………………………………………….ii
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………………….…..v
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………..…...vii
壹、前言…………………………………..……………………………………………1
貳、前人研究……………………………..……………………………………………2
一、番木瓜種苗繁殖技術簡介………………..…..……….………………………2
二、插穗不定根形成及存活因子...………….….....……...…………………….…4
三、插穗呼吸率及乙烯釋放率…………………...………..……………………..11
参、材料方法……………………………………………………………………13
一、番木瓜插穗長度以及外部處理對扦插成活率及不定根形成之影響….......13
二、1-MCP、乙烯和IBA處理對插穗呼吸率、乙烯釋放率和碳水化合物
含量之影響………………………………………………………………….15
肆、結果…………………………………………………………………………18
一、番木瓜插穗長度以及外部處理對扦插成活率及不定根形成之影響....…...18
(一) 除葉處理對插穗葉片百分比、葉片黃化率、發根率及成活率之影響……18
(二) 除葉處理對扦插期間插穗不定根生長之影響……………………….……18
(三) 插穗長度對插穗葉片百分比、葉片黃化率、發根率及成活率之影響.....…23
(四) 插穗長度對插穗不定根生長之影響…………………….…………………24
(五) 殺菌劑處理對插穗葉片數百分比、葉片黃化率、發根率及成活率
之影響……………………………………………………………….………36
(六) 殺菌劑處理對插穗不定根生長之影響…………….………………………36
(七) 純白鏈黴菌素處理較短插穗對插穗葉片百分比、葉片黃化率、發根
率及成活率之影響………………………….………………..….…….……41
(八) 純白鏈黴菌素處理較短插穗對插穗不定根生長之影響………………..41
(九) IBA處理對插穗葉片百分比、葉片黃化率、發根率及成活率之影響….....46
(十) IBA處理對插穗不定根生長之影響…………………………….………….46
(十一) 環境溫度（恆溫）對插穗葉片百分比、葉片黃化率、發根率及
成活率之影響…………………………………...........................…….…52
(十二) 環境溫度（恆溫）對扦插期間不定根生長之影響…………...………......52
(十三) 6000 ppm IBA及變溫處理對插穗葉片百分比、葉片黃化率、發根率
及成活率之影響……………….….….....................………………......57
(十四) 6000 ppm IBA及變溫處理對插穗不定根生長之影響…………58
(十五) 乙烯和1-MCP處理對插穗葉片百分比、葉片黃化率、發根率
及成活率之影響…………………………………………...………64
(十六) 乙烯和1-MCP處理對插穗不定根生長之影響……………...…...64
二、乙烯、1-MCP和IBA處理對插穗呼吸率、乙烯釋放率和碳水
化合物含量之影響……………………......………………………….69
(一) 乙烯、1-MCP處理對番木瓜插穗呼吸率和乙烯釋放率之影響.…69
(二) IBA處理對番木瓜插穗呼吸率和乙烯釋放率之影響……………...70
(三) 乙烯、1-MCP處理對番木瓜插穗碳水化合物運移之影響……….70
伍、討論………………………………………………………………...……….77
一、番木瓜插穗狀態及外部處理對番木瓜扦插成活率及不定根形成之影響......76
(一) 插穗葉片……………………………………………..…………….75
(二) 插穗長度……………………………………….……………….........75
(三) 插穗幼年性.………………………………………………………...76
(四) 季節………………………………………………………..……...77
(五) 環境溫度…………………………………………………………….77
(六) 生長素……………………………………………………………….78
(七) 乙烯……………………………………………………….…………79
二、乙烯、1-MCP和IBA處理對插穗呼吸率、乙烯釋放率和碳水
化合物含量之影響…………………………………..……………….80
陸、結論………………………………………………………………...……….82
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………….83

王國欽。1992。李與梅週年扦插繁殖及超密植下李扦插苗生長與開花之初步調查。國立台灣大學園藝學研究所碩士論文。62pp.。
王惠亮、王金池、邱仁璋、孫明賢。1978。台灣木瓜輪點病研究初報。植保會刊20: 133-140。
李文立。2009。木瓜栽培管理手冊。行政院農業委員會農業試驗所鳳山熱帶園藝試驗分所出版。pp.6-25。
李文立。2010。生物技術在果樹品種選育之應用-番木瓜性別檢測。植物種苗生技NO.21。pp.23-27。
李文立、林榮貴。2008。國產優良品牌木瓜生產管理技術作業標準。行政院農業委員會農糧署。
巫由惠。1995。番木瓜葉片發育及離層形成過程之解剖學研究。國立中興大學植物學研究所碩士學位論文。103pp.。
邱禮弘、陳京城、楊耀祥。2004。番木瓜節齡與幼年性之關係。興大園藝29(3): 13-23。
邱禮弘、陳京城、楊耀祥。2011。台農2號番木瓜接穗用側梢生產之研究。台中區農業改良場研究彙報111: 63-74。
秦慶瑤。2005。台灣農用生物製劑的領航者-專訪百泰生物科技股份有限公司。農業生技產業專刊第四期: 45-53。
陳昌岑。1995。迷你玫瑰盆花繁殖與修剪。國立中興大學園藝學系碩士學位論文。129pp.。
陳世保。1998。番木瓜嫁接植株生長之研究。國立中興大學園藝學系碩士學位論文。70pp.。
陳宣文。2006。茄苳扦插繁殖之研究。國立中興大學園藝學系碩士學位論文。62pp.。
陳彥睿、許謙信。1997。玫瑰花”沙曼莎”品種扦插繁殖之研究。
台中區農業改良場研究彙報55: 41-50。
陳昱初、王仁晃。2006。木瓜疫病、黑腐病防治要領。高雄區農業專訊55: 18-19。
高景輝。2011。植物賀爾蒙生理。華香園出版社。
高毓斌、黃松根。1993。牛樟之扦插繁殖。林業試驗所研究報告季刊。8(4): 371-388。
張明聰。1992。木瓜水分生理之探討。國立中興大學園藝學系博士學位論文。
張明聰。1994。談番木瓜實生苗與扦插苗。台南區農業專訊第8期: 13-14。
張明聰、廖松淵。1994。番木瓜扦插繁殖及生長結實特性之研究。中國園藝40(1): 11-28。
張明聰、呂俊堅。2000。番木瓜組織培養兩性株嫁接苗繁殖、生長特性及效益評估。行政院農業委員會台南區農業改良場37: 29-36。
梁鶚。1977。經濟果樹(上)。豐年社出版。
梁群健。2012。1盆變10盆：扦插種植活用百科。麥浩斯出版。
159pp.。
翔雲。2003。「紅孩兒」品牌木瓜。豐年53(7): 7-12。
黃敏展。1990。營養繁殖。花卉園藝栽培技術。行政院青年輔導委員會編印。70-83pp.。
黃雅玲。2003。不同介質及發根劑濃度對珊瑚樹扦插成活率之影響。行政院農業委員會高雄區農業改良場14(2): 29-36。
黃士晃、張錦興、林棟樑。2009。農業新知與技術。番木瓜種苗及繁殖方式簡介。台南區農業專訊70: 3-6。
劉家堯。1995。番木瓜葉片發育過程碳氮代謝之探討。國立中興大學植物學研究所碩士學位論文。90pp.。
賴建旗。1994。玫瑰花單節扦插繁殖之研究。國立中興大學園藝學系碩士學位論文。93pp.。
Abeles, F. B., P. W. Morgan, M. E. Saltveit. 1992. Ethylene in Plant Biology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 414pp.
Aharoni, N. and M. Lieberman. 1979. Ethylene as a regulator of senescence in tobacco leaf discs. Plant Physiol. 64: 801-804.
Ahkamil, A. H., S. Lischewski, K. T. Haensch, S. Porfirova, J. Hofmann, H. Rolletschek, M. Melzer, P. Franken, B. Hause, U. Druege, and M. R. Hajirezaei1. 2009. Molecular physiology of adventitious root formation in Petunia hybrid cuttings: involvement of wound response and primary metabolism. New Phytol. 181: 613-25.
Akamine, E. K., W. Yee, G. M. Aoki, F. H. Haramoto, R. B. Hino, O. V. Holtzmann, R. H. Hamilton, J. T. Ishida, J. T. Keeler, and H. Nakasone. 1970. Papayas in Hawaii. Cooperative Extention Service. Circular 436.
Allan, P. 1964. Papaws grown from cutting. Farming in S. A. 39(11): 35-40.
Allan, P. 1981. Clonal ‘Honey Gold’ pawpaws. A horticultural and commercial success. Citrus and Subtrop. Fruit J. 575: 19-23.
Allan, P. 1993. Propagation of ‘Honey Glod’ papayas by cuttings. Acta Hort. 370: 99-102.
Anandan, R., D. Sudhakar, P. Balasubramanian, and A. Gutieῐrrez-Mora. 2012. In vitro somatic embryogenesis from suspension cultures of Carica papaya L. Sci. Hort. 136: 43-49.
Arnstein, H. R. V., A. H. Cook, and M. S. Lacey. 1948. The inhibition of fusarium oxysporum var. cubense by musarin, an antibiotic produces by Meredith''s Actinomycetes. J. Gen. Microbiol. 2: 111-122.
Blankenship, S. M. and J. M. Dole. 2003. 1-Methylcyclopropene: a review. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 28: 1-25.
Bleecker, A. B. and H. Kende. 2000. Ethylene: a gaseous signal molecule in plants. Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16: 1-18.
Borchert, R. 1976. The concept of juvenility in woody plants. Acta. Hort. 56: 21-36.
Bozarth, C. S., R. A. Kennedy, and K. A. Schekel. 1982. The effects of leaf age on photosynthesis in rose. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 107(5): 707-702。
Bruening,W. P., and D. B. Egli. 1999. Relationship between photosynthesis and seed number of phloem isolated nodes in soybean. Crop Sci. 39: 1769-1775.
Celikel, F. G., L. L. Dodge, and M. S. Reid. 2002. Efficacy of 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene) and promalin for extending the post-harvest life of Oriental lilies (LiliumבMona Lisa’ and ‘Stargazer’). Scientia Hort. 93: 149-155.
Chan, Y. K. and R. E. Paull. 2008. ‘Caricacae’, in Janick J. and Paull R. E., The Encyclopaedia of Fruit & Nuts, Wallingford, UK, CAB International. pp.237-247.
Clark, D. G., E. K. Gubrium, J. E. Barrett, T. A. Nell, and H. J. Klee. 1999. Root formation in ethylene-insensitive plants. Plant Physiol. 121: 53-59.
Coleman, W., T. Huxter, D. Reid, and T. Thrope. 1980. Ethylene as an endogenous inhibitor of root regeneration in tomato leaf disc cultures in vitro. Physiol. Plant. 48: 519–525.
Collin, P. D., D. Epron, B. Alaoui-Sosse, and P. M. Badot. 2000. Growth responses of common ash seedlings (Fraxinus excelsior L.) to total and partial defoliation. Ann. Bot. 85: 317–323.
Davies, F. T. 1984. Shoot RNA, cambial activity and indolebutyric acid effectively in seasonal rooting of juvenile and mature Ficus pumila cuttings. Physiol. Plant. 62: 571-575.
Davies, T. D. and T. R. Potter. 1985. Carbohydrates, water potential, and subsequent rooting of stored rhododendron cuttings. HortScience. 20: 292-293.
Davies, F. T., J. E. Lazarte, and J. N. Joiner. 1982. Initiation and development of roots in juvenile and mature leafbud cuttings of Ficus pumila L. Amer. J. Bot. 69: 804-811.
Drew, R. A. 1987. The effects of medium com-position and cultural conditions on in vitro root initiation and growth of papaya (Carica papaya L.). J. Hort. Sci. 62: 551-556.
Drew, R. A., J. A. Mc Comb, and J. A. Considine. 1993. ‘Rhizogenesis and root growth of Carica papaya L. in vitro in relation to auxin sensitive phases and use of riboflavin, Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 33: 1-7.
Druege, U., S. Zerche, R. Kandner, and M. Ernst. 2000. Relation between nitrogen status, carbohydrate distribution and subsequent rooting of chrysanthemum cuttings as affected by preharvest nitrogen supply and cold-storage. Annals of Botany 85: 687-701.
Druege, U., S. Zerche, and R. Kadner. 2004. Nitrogen and storage-affected carbohydrate partitioning in high light-adapted pelargonium cuttings in relation to survival and adventitious root formation under low light. Ann. Bot. 94: 831-842.
Dugardeyn, J. and D. V. D. Straeten. 2008. Ethylene: fine-tuning plant growth and development by stimulation and inhibition of elongation. Plant Sci. 175: 59-70.
Dunn, D. E., J. C. Cole, and M. W. Smith. 1996. Timing of Pistacia chinensis Bunge. Rooting using morphological markers associated with calendar date and degree days. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121(2): 269-273.
Dykeman, B. 1976. Temperature relationship in root initiation and development of cuttings. Comb. Proc. Intl. Plant Prop. Soc. 26: 201-207.
Ericsson, A. S., S. Larson, and W. Tenow. 1980. Effects of early and late season efoliation on growth and carbohydrate dynamics in scot pine. Appl. Ecol. 17: 747-769.
Faust, J. E. and K. P. Lewis. 2005. Effect of 1-MCP on the postharvest performance of un-rooted poinsettia cuttings. Acta. Hort. 682: 807-812.
Fitch, M. M. M., P. H. Moore, T. C. W., Leong, L. A. Y. Akashi, A. K. F. Yeh, S. A. White, A. S. Dela Cruz, L. T. Santo, S. A. Ferreira, and L. J. Poland. 2005. Clonally Propagated and Seed-derived Papaya Orchards: I. plant production and field growth. HortScience 40(5): 1283-1290.
Foggo, A. 1996. Long- and short-term changes in plant growth following simulated herbivory: adaptive responses to damage. Ecol. Entomol. 21: 198-202.
Fujiki, Y., Y. Yoshikawa, T. Sato, N. Inada, M. Ito, L. Nishida, and A. Watanabe. 2001. Dark-inducible genes from Arabidopsis thaliana are associated with leaf senescence and repressed by sugars. Physiol. Plant. 111: 345-352.
Gane, R. 1934. Production of ethylene by some ripening fruit. Nature 134: 1008-1008.
Garrido, M. V. O., C. G. Oller, and M. A. Equisoain. 1996. Effect of diet on gastric mucosal cells in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Histochemical and ultrastructural study. Micron 27: 25-54.
Gapper, N. E., S. A. Coupe, M. J. McKenzie, B. K. Sinclair, R. E. Lill, and P. E. Jameson. 2005. Regulation of harvest-induced senescence in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) by cytokinin, ethylene, and sucrose. J. Plant Growth Regul. 24: 153-165.
Gary, A. C. 1988. Rooting responses to different treatments. Acta. Hortic. 227: 187-195.
Geneve, R. L. 1991. Patterns of adventitious root in English Ivy. J. Plant Growth Regul. 10: 215-220.
Geneve, R. and C. Heuser. 1983. The relationship between ethephon and auxin on adventitious root intiation in cuttings of (Vigna radiata L.) R. Wilcz.J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 108: 330-333.
Gepstein, S. and K. V. Thimann. 1981. The role of ethylene in the senescence of oat leaves. Plant Physiol. 68: 349-354.
Grbic, V. and A. Bleecker. 1995. Ethylene regulates the timing of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. The Plant J. 8: 595-602.
Haissig, B. E. 1984. Carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning in Pinus banksiana seedling and seedling cuttings. Physiol. Plant. 61: 13-19.
Haissig, B. E. 1986. Metabolic processes in adventitious rooting of cuttings. In: Jackson, M. B. (Ed.), New Root Formation in Plants and Cuttings. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp.141-189.
Hansen, J. 1989. Influence of cutting position and temperature during rooting on adventitious root formation and axillary bud break of Stephanotis floribunda. Scientia Hortic. 40: 345-354.
Hartmann, H. T., D. E. Kester, F, T. Davies, and L. G. Robert. 2011. Hartmann & Kester’s plant propagation principles and practices (eighth edition), Pearson Education, Inc., Pulishing as Prentuce Hall.
Hitchcock, A. and P. Zimmerman. 1940. Effects obtained with mixtures of root-inducing and other substances. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 11: 155-159.
Howard, B. H. and R. S. Harrison-Murray. 1995. Responses of dark-preconditioned and normal light-grown cuttings of Syringa vulgaris ‘Madame Lemoine’ to light and wetness gradients in the propagation environment. J. Hort. Sci. 70: 989-1001.
Howard, B. H., O. P. Jone, and J. Vasek. 1989. Long-term improvement in the rooting of plum cutting following apparent rejuvenation. J. Hort. Sci. 64 147-156.
Hyodo, H. and H. Fujinami. 1989. The effects of 2,5-norbornadiene and ethylene on the induction of the activity and of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in wounded mesocarp tissue of Cucurbita maxima. Plant Cell Physiol. 30: 857-860.
Ivanchenko, M. G., W. C. Coffeen, T. L. Lomax, and J. G. Dubrovsky. 2006. Mutations in the Diageotropica (dgt) gene uncouple patterned cell division during lateral root initiation from proliferative cell division in the pericycle. Plant J. 46: 436-447.
Kachechrba, J. L. 1976. Seasonal effects of light and auxin on the rooting of hibiscus cuttings. Scientia Hortic. 5: 345-351.
Kadner, R. and Druege, U. 2004. Role of ethylene action in ethylene production and poststorage leaf senescence and survival of pelargonium cuttings. Plant Growth Regul. 43: 187-196.
Kao, C. H. and S. F. Yang. 1983. Role of ethylene in the senescence of detached rice leaves. Plant Physiol. 73: 881-885
Kester, D. E. 1970. Temperature and plant propagation. Comb. Proc. Intl. Plant Prop. Soc. 20: 153-163.
Khan, N. A. 2002. Activities of carbonic anhydrase and ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase, and dry mass accumulation in Brassica juncea following defoliation. Photosynthetica 40: 633-634.
Khan, N. A. 2005. The influence of exogenous ethylene on growth and photosynthesis of mustard (Brassica juncea) following defoliation. Sci. Hort. 105: 499-505.
Khan, N. A. and N. Ahsan. 2000. Evaluation of yield potential of defoliated mustard cultivars. Tests Agrochem. Cultivars 21: 33-34.
Khan, N. A., M., Ansari, and H. R. Samiullah. 2002. Auxin and defoliation effects on photosynthesis and ethylene evolution in mustard. Scientia Hort. 96: 43-51.
Koch, K. E. 1996. Carbohydrate-modulated gene expression in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47: 509-540.
Leon, P. and J. Sheen. 2003. Sugar and hormone connections. Trends Plant Sci. 8: 110-116.
Lin, Z. F. and J. Ehleringer. 1982. Changes in spectral properties of leaves as related to chlorophyll content and age of papaya. Photosynthetica 16: 520-525.
Lovell, P. H. and J. White. 1986. Anatomical changes during adventitious root formation. In M. B. Jackson, ed. New root formation in plants and cuttings. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Madhavan, S., A. Chrmoinski, and B. N. Smith. 1983. Effect of ethylene on
stomatal opening in tomato and carnation leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 24: 569-572.
Merritt, F., A. Kemper, and G. Tallman. 2001. Inhibitors of ethylene synthesis
inhibit auxin-induced stomatal opening in epidermis detached from leaves of Vicia faba L. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 223-230.
Mc N. S. J. 1983. Compensatory plant growth as a response to herbivory. Oikos 40: 329-336.
Morini, S. and M. Isoleri. 1986. Effect of IBA and NAA rooting of Actinidia chinensis cutting. Acta Horti. 179: 885-886.
Morris D. A. and A. G. Thomas. 1978. A microautoradiographic study of auxin transport in the stem of intact pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.). J. Exp. Bot. 29: 147-157.
Morton, J. 1987. Papaya. In: Fruits of warm climates. Miami, FL. pp.336-346.
Muller, R., M. Serek, E. C. Sisler, and A. S. Andersen. 1997. Poststorage quality and rooting ability of Epipremnum pinnatum cuttings after treatment with ethylene action inhibitors. J. Hort. Sci. 72: 445-452.
Muller, R., M. Serek, E. C. Sisler, and A. S. Anderson. 1998. Ethylene involvement in leaf abscission, chlorosis, and rooting of Codiaeum variegatum var. pictum (Lodd) Muell. ‘Aucubaefolia’. Gartenbauwissenschaft 63: 66-71.
Nakagawa, N., H. Mori, K. Yamazaki, H. Imaseki. 1991. Cloning of a complementary DNA auxin-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and differential expression of the gene by auxin and wounding. Plant Cell Ohysiol. 32: 1153-1163.
Nakasone, H. Y. and R. E. Paull. 1998. Papaya. In: H. Y. Nakasone and R. E. Paull. (eds.) Tropical Fruits. CAB international Press, Wallingford. UK. pp. 232-269.
Negi, S., P. Sukumar, X. Liu, J. D. Cohen, and G. K. Muday. 2010. Genetic dissection of the role of ethylene in regulating auxin-dependent lateral and adventitious root formation in tomato. The Plant J. 61: 3-15.
Neljubov, D. 1901. Uber die horizontale Nutation der Stengel von Pisum
sativum und einiger Anderer Pflanzen Beih, Bot. Zentralb 10: 128-139.
Nishikawa, F., T. Iwama, M. Kato, H. Hyodo, Y. Ikoma, and M. Yano. 2005. Effect of sugars on ethylene synthesis and responsiveness in harvested broccoli florets. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 36: 157-165.
Oh, S. A., J. H. Park, G. I. Lee, K. H. Paek, S. K. Park, and H. G. Nam. 1997. Identification of three genetic loci controlling leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant J. 12: 527-535.
Pallas, J. E. and Kays, S. J., 1982. Inhibition of photosynthesis by ethylene: a
stomatal effect. Plant Physiol. 70: 598-601.
Purer, O. and S. Mayak. 1989. Pelargonium cuttings effect of growth regulators. Acta Hort. 261: 347-354.
Rajagopal, V. and A. S. Andersen. 1980. Water stress and root formation in pea cuttings. Physiol. Plant. 48: 114-149.
Rapaka, V. K., B. Bessler, M. Schreiner, and U. Druege. 2005. Interplay between initial carbohydrate availability, current photosynthesis, and adventitious root formation in Pelargonium cuttings. Plant Sci. 168: 1547-1560.
Rapaka,V. K., J. E. Faust, J. M. Dole, and E. S. Runkle. 2007a. Diurnal arbohydrate dynamics affect postharvest ethylene responsiveness in portulaca (Portulaca grandiflora ‘Yubi Deep Rose’) unrooted cuttings. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 44: 293–299.
Rapaka,V. K., J. E. Faust, J. M. Dole, and E. S. Runkle. 2007b. Effect of time of harvest on postharvest leaf abscission in Lantana (Lantana camara L. ‘Dallas Red’) unrooted cuttings. HortScience 42: 304-308.
Rapaka,V. K., J. E. Faust, J. M. Dole, and E. S. Runkle. 2008. Endogenous carbohydrate status affects postharvest ethylene sensitivity in relation to leaf senescence and adventitious root formation in Pelargonium cuttings. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 48: 272-282.
Reed, R. C., S. R. Brady, and G. K. Muday. 1998. Inhibition of auxin movement from the shoot into the root inhibits lateral root development in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 118: 1369-1378.
Reuveni, O. and M. Raviv. 1981. Importance of leaf retention to rooting avocado cuttings. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 106: 127-130.
Reuveni, O. and D. R. Shlesinger. 1990. Rapid vegetative propagation of papaya plants by cuttings. Acta. Hort. 275: 301-306.
Robbins, J., S. Kays, and M. Dirr. 1983. Enhanced rooting of wounded mung bean cuttings by wounding and ethephon. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 108: 325-329.
Rimberia, F. K., S. Adaniya, Y. Ishimine, and T. Etoh. 2007. Morphology of papaya plants derived via anther culture. Sci. Hort. 111: 213-219.
Roy, B., R. Basu, and T. Bose. 1972. Interaction of auxins with growth retarding, -inhibiting and ethylene-producing chemicals in rooting of cuttings. Plant Cell Physiol. 13: 1123-1127.
Serek, M. 1993. Ethephon and silver thiosulfate affect postharvest characteristics of Rosa hybrida victory parade. HortScience 28: 199-200.
Serek, M., E. C. Sisler, and M. S. Reid. 1994. Novel gaseous ethylene binding inhibitor prevents ethylene effects in potted flowering plants. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119: 1230-1233.
Serek, M., A. Prabucki, E. C. Sisler, and A. S. Andersen. 1998. Inhibitors of ethylene action affect final quality and rooting of cuttings before and after storage. HortScience 33: 153-155.
Sheen, J., L. Zhou, and J. Jang. 1999. Sugars as signaling molecules. Curr.
Opin. Plant Biol. 2: 410-418.
Sicher, R.C., D. F. Kremer, and W. G. Harris. 1984. Diurnal carbohydrate
metabolism of barley primary leaves. Plant Physiol. 76: 165-169.
Sisler, E. C. and M. Serek. 1997. Inhibitors of ethylene responses in plants at the receptor level: recent developments. Physiol. Plant 100: 577-582.
Smeekens, S. 2000. Sugar-induced signal transduction in plants. Annu. Rev.
Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 51: 49-81.
Stepanova, A. N., J. M. Hoyt, A. A. Hamilton, and J. M. Alonso. 2005. A link between ethylene and auxin uncovered by the characterization of two root-specific ethylene-insensitive mutants in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 17: 2230-2242
Stepanova, A. N., J. Yun, A. V. Likhacheva, and J. M. Alonso. 2007. Multilevel interactions between ethylene and auxin in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell 19: 2169-2185.
Storey, W. B. 1953. Geneties of papaya. J. Hered. 44: 70-78.
Stubbs, H. S., F. A. Blazich. T. G. Ranney, and S. L. Warren. 1997. Propagation of ‘Carolina Sapphire’ smooth Arizona cypress by stem cutting: effects of growth stage, type of cutting, and IBA treatment. J. Environ. Hort. 15(2): 61-64.
Sung, S. S., W. J. Sheih, D. R. Geiger, and C. C. Black. 1994. Growth, sucrose synthase, and invertase activities of developing Phaseolus vulgaris L. fruit. Plant Cell Environ 17: 419-426.
Thimann, K. V. and F. W. Went. 1934. On the chemical nature of the root-forming hormone of plants. Proc Kon Akad Wetensch, Amsterdam. 37: 456-458.
Turgeon, R. 1989. The sink-source transition in leaves. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 119-138.
Uwe, D. and K. Roland. 2008. Response of post-storage carbohydrate levels in Pelargonium cuttings to reduced air temperature during rooting and the relationship with leaf senescence and adventitious root formation. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 47: 126-135.
Veierskov, B., 1988. Relations between carbohydrates and adventitious root formation. In: Davis, T.D., Haissig, B.E., Sankhla, N. (Eds.), Adventitious Root Formation in Cuttings. Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR, pp.70-78 (Chapter 5).
Verlinden, S. and J. J. V. Garcia. 2004. Sucrose loading decreases ethylene responsiveness in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. White Sim) petals. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 31: 305-312.
Vidoz, M. L., E. Loreti, A. Mensuali, A. Alpi, and P. Perita. 2010 Hormonal interplay during adventitious root formation in flooded tomato plants. The Plant J. 63: 551-562.
Visser, E. J. W. and Cohen, J. D., Barendse, G. W. M., Blom, C. W. P. M., and Voesenek, L. A. C. J. 1996. An ethylene-mediated increase in sensitivity to auxin induces adventitious root formation in flooded Rumex palustris Sm. Plant Physiol. 112: 1687-1692.
Wilkerson, E. G., R. S. Gates, S. Zolnier, S. T. Kester, and R. L. Geneve. 2005. Predicting rooting stages in poinsettia cuttings using root zone temperature-based models. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130: 302-307.
Yang, S. F. and H. K. Pratt. 1978. The physiology of ethylene in wounded plant tissue. In G. Kahl (ed.), Biochemistry of Wounded Plant Tissues. De Gruyter Co., Berlin, pp.595-622.
Yang, J. S. and C. A. Ye. 1992. Plant regeneration from petioles of in vitro regenerated papaya (Carica papaya L.) shoots. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 33: 375-381.
Yanagisawa, S., S. D. Yoo, and J. Sheen. 2003. Differential regulation of EIN3 stability by glucose and ethylene signaling in plants. Nature 425: 521-525.
Yoshioka, H., K. Nagai, K. Aoba, and M. Fukumoto. 1988. Seasonal changes of carbohydrates metabolism in apple trees. Sci. Hort. 36: 219-227.
Yoshii, H., and Imaseki, H. 1981. Biosynthesis of auxin-induced ethylene. Effects of indole-3acetic acid, benzyladenine and abscisic acid on endogenous levels of l-aminocyclopropane-lcarboxylic acid (ACC) and ACC synthase. Plant Cell Physiol. 22: 369-379.
Yoshii, H., A. Watanabe, and H. Imaseki. 1980. Biosynthesis of auxin-induced ethylene in mung bean hypocotyls. Plant Cell Physiol. 21: 279-291.
Yu, Y. B. and S. F. Yang. 1979. Auxin-induced ethylene production and its inhibition by aminoethoxyvinylglycine and cobalt ion. Plant Physiol. 64: 1074-1077.
Yu, Y. B. and S. F. Yang. 1980. Biosynthesis of wound ethylene. Plant Physiol. 66: 281-285.
Yu, Y. B., D. O. Adams, and S. F. Yang. 1979. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, a key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 198: 280-286.
Yu, T. A., S. D. Yeh, Y. H. Cheng, and J. S. Yang. 2000. Efficient rooting for establishment of papaya plantlets by micropropagation. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 61: 29-35.
Yvonne, K., K. T. Haensch, H. Bettina, M. R. Hajirezaei, and D. Uwe. 2010. Dark exposure of Petunia cuttings strongly improves adventitious root formation and enhances carbohydrate availability during rooting in the light. J. Plant Physiol. 167: 547-554.
Zhou, L., J. Jang, T. L. Jones, and J. Sheen. 1998. Glucose and ethylene signal transduction crosstalk revealed by an Arabidopsis glucose-insensitive mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 10294-10299.
Zimmerman, W. 1990. Degradation of lignin by bacteria. J. Biotechnology. 13: 119-130.
Zimmerman, P W. and F. Hitchcock. 1935. Several chemical growth substances which cause initiation of roots and other growth responses in plants. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 7: 209-229.