臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

目前透明導電材料的市場主流為氧化銦錫(Indium Tin Oxide)薄膜，但由於銦礦短缺的隱憂，造成成本價格日益偏高，促使許多學者投入相關替代材料的研究。因此本論文即以新型透明導電薄膜之開發與應用為主要目標。首先以電紡絲技術，製備出CF3COOAg/PMMA複合式奈米纖維網狀支架，後搭配無電鍍銀製程，可於電紡絲周圍包覆銀鍍層，此網狀結構具有極佳的導電性，與良好之光線穿透度，期能取代主流ITO薄膜。
首先在電紡絲網狀結構製備的部份，本研究針對不同 PMMA 濃度、CF3COOAg 濃度、操作電場強度、溶液流速，以及電紡絲時間等五種參數進行討論。最後選取 PMMA 濃度12wt%、Ag/PMMA=1/16、電場強度=10kV、溶液流速=10μl/min，之電紡絲操作參數，可得最佳平均線徑182.8nm、標準差±58.7nm、變異係數32.1%以及初始穿透率92.3%之 CF3COOAg/PMMA 複合纖維網狀結構，以作為下一階段，無電鍍銀沉積的最佳選擇。
其次於無電鍍製程改良方面，本研究藉由可溶性基板的使用，以避開無電鍍銀之非選擇性沉積特性的影響，使銀顆粒僅生成於PMMA電紡絲周圍。並藉由奈米銀晶種的輔助，改善無電鍍銀沉積之形貌與均勻性。並以以SEM、TEM、UV-vis吸收光譜和XRD圖譜，分析銀顆粒沉積形態及特性，最終本研究可製備出穿透度為73.1 %、片電阻為16 .7Ω/sq的薄膜。此薄膜承受一萬次之反覆凹折後，其片電阻值變化率為60.5%，而經150℃、15小時與90℃、250小時的溫度測試，其前後片電阻值比例皆小於1.3。
最後經Figure of Merit計算，本研究之透明電極性能已優於石墨烯與奈米碳管，並達到與銅奈米結構材料相同數量級之程度，再加上本研究常溫常壓製備條件的優勢，其在未來將是極具發展的潛力。

This study develops a novel process for transparent electrodes by electrospinning and electroless plating technique.
PMMA nanofibers were first electrospun from the solution containing PMMA and silver precursor CF3COOAg. To obtain uniform webs with high transmittance for further electroless plating, the effect of electrospun parameters on morphology and diameter of nanofibers, including polymer concentration, silver precursor concentration, applied voltage, flow rate, and electrospun time was carefully investigated.
After forming PMMA webs, silver nanolayer was coated on the surface of nanofibers by a simple silver mirror reaction. To improve the uniformity of silver coating, PMMA nanofibers encapsulated with silver nanoparticles were synthesized by a heat treatment at 100 oC 12h and acted as nucleation sites for the following electroless plating. Moreover, soluble substrates were adopted to ensure that silver could only be deposited on the nanofibers. The silver coated PMMA webs fabricated in this research has the transmittance of 73.1% and the sheet resistance of 16.7Ω/sq. In addition, this composite webs show only 60.5% changes in resistance after bending for 10,000 times and the sheet resistance rate less than 1.3 during a heat storage test at 150oC ,15hours and 90oC,250 hours.
By the results of Figure of Merit, the performance of our transparent electrode was better than the graphene and carbon nanotubes. The most important is that we can prepare our thin film at room temperature and ambient pressure, which will have great development potential in the future

摘要 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅱ
誌謝 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
表目錄 Ⅵ
圖目錄 Ⅶ
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 研究動機與目的 3
第二章 文獻回顧 7
2-1 透明導電薄膜 7
2-1-1 透明導電薄膜簡介 7
2-1-2 透明導電材料應用 12
2-2 電紡絲法簡介 14
2-2-1 電紡絲原理 15
2-2-2 電紡絲技術參數 16
2-3 無電鍍法 17
2-3-1 無電鍍法的特性與原理 18
第三章 實驗方法與步驟 30
3-1 化學藥品 30
3-2 實驗流程 30
3-2-1 玻璃基板清洗 30
3-2-2 PMMA電紡絲網狀結構 31
3-2-3 無電鍍法搭配PDMS沾黏輔助於透明導電薄膜的製備 32
3-2-4 製程改良之無電鍍法於透明導電薄膜的製備 33
3-2-5 複合式透明導電薄膜 34
3-3 實驗儀器設備 34
3-3-1 表面形貌與性質分析儀器 34
3-3-2 透明電極的穿透率與片電阻值量測 35
第四章 結果與討論 43
4-1 CF3COOAg/PMMA電紡絲的製備 43
4-1-1 PMMA濃度對電紡絲之影響 43
4-1-2 CF3COOAg 濃度對纖維尺寸的影響 44
4-1-3 電紡絲操作因素對纖維尺寸的影響 45
4-1-4 電紡絲時間與纖維密度、覆蓋率統計 46
4-2 無電鍍法於透明導電薄膜的製備 47
4-2-1 硝酸銀濃度與溫度對無電鍍銀沉積性質之影響 47
4-2-2 PDMS轉移技術對透明導電薄膜性質之提升 48
4-3 製程改良之透明導電薄膜製備 50
4-3-1 可溶性基板對透明導電薄膜製程之影響 50
4-3-2 晶種輔助沉積法對透明導電薄膜之影響 53
4-4 透明導電薄膜之應用特性與可靠度探討 55
4-4-1 透明導電薄膜於太陽能電池之應用 55
4-4-2 可靠度測試-反覆疲勞彎曲測驗 56
4-4-3 可靠度測試-高溫長時間熱處理 58
4-4-4 透明導電膜比較與Figure of Merit 59
4-5 複合式透明導電薄膜 60
4-5-1銀奈米線添加之複合式透明導電薄膜 60
第五章 結論 105
參考文獻 107

[1] J. M. Mochel, “Electrically Conducting Coatings on Glass and Other Ceramic Bodies, US Patent, 2564707, 1951
[2] D. S. Hecht, L. B. Hu, and G. Irvin, “Emerging Transparent Electrodes Based on Thin Films of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, and Metallic Nanostructures, Advanced Materials, 23, 1482-1513, 2011
[3] A. G. MacDiarmid, “Synthetic Metals：A Novel Role for Organic Polymers, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 40, 2581–2590, 2001
[4] M. Kaempgen, G. S. Duesberg and S. Roth, “Transparent Carbon Nanotube Coatings, Applied Surface Science, 252, 425–429, 2005
[5] M. I. Katsnelson, “Graphene: Carbon in Two Dimensions, Materials Today, 10, 20–27, 2007
[6] C. N. R. Rao, A. K. Sood, K. S. Subrahmanyam and A. Govindaraj, “Graphene: The New Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48, 7752–7777, 2009
[7] M. Mohl, P. Pusztai, A. Kukovecz, Z. Konya, J. Kukkola, K. Kordas, R. Vajtai and P. M. Ajayan, “Low-Temperature Large-Scale Synthesis and Electrical Testing of Ultralong Copper Nanowires, Langmuir, 26, 16496–16502, 2010
[8] A. R. Rathmell, S. M. Bergin, Y. L. Hua, Z. Y. Li and B. J. Wiley, “The Growth Mechanism of Copper Nanowires and their Properties in Flexible, Transparent Conducting Films, Advanced Materials, 22, 3558–3563, 2010
[9] X. Li, L. Wang and G. Yan, “Recent Research Progress on Preparation of Silver Nanowires by Soft Solution Method and their Applications, Crystal Research and Technology, 46, 427–438, 2011
[10] Y. Xia, P. Yang, Y. Sun, Y. Wu, B. Mayers, B. Gates, Y. Yin, F. Kim and H. Yan, “One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications, Advanced Materials, 15, 353–389, 2003
[11] S. De, T. M. Higgins, P. E. Lyons, E. M. Doherty, P. N. Nirmalraj, W. J. Blau, J. J. Boland and J. N. Coleman, “Silver Nanowire Networks as Flexible, Transparent, Conducting Films: Extremely High DC to Optical Conductivity Ratios, Acs Nano, 3, 1767-1774, 2009
[12] Z. B. Yu, Q. W. Zhang, L. Li, Q. Chen, X. F. Niu, J. Liu and Q. B. Pei, “Highly Flexible Silver Nanowire Electrodes for Shape-memory Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes, Advanced Materials, 23, 664-668, 2011
[13] 洪文進, 許登貴, 萬明安, 郭書瑋, 蘇昭瑾, “ITO透明導電薄膜：從發展與應用到製備與分析, Chemistry, 63, 409-418, 2005
[14] M. G. Kang and L. J. Guo, “Nanoimprinted Semitransparent Metal Electrodes and their Application in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes, Advanced Materials, 19, 1391-1396, 2007
[15] M. G. Kang, M. S. Kim, J. S. Kim and L. J. Guo, “Organic Solar Cells Using Nanoimprinted Transparent Metal Electrodes, Advanced Materials, 20, 4408-4413, 2008
[16] H. Wu, L. B. Hu, D. S. Kong, J. J. Cha, J. R. McDonough, J. Zhu, Y. A. Yang, M. D. McGehee and Y. Chi, “Electrospun Metal Nanofiber Webs as High-Performance Transparent Electrode, Nano Letters, 10, 4242-4248, 2010
[17] H. K. Lee, E. H. Jeong, C. K. Baek and J. H. Youk, “One-Step Preparation of Ultrafine Poly(acrylonitrile) Fibers Containing Silver Nanoparticles, Materials Letters, 59, 2977-2980, 2005
[18] M. Jin, X. Zhang, S. Nishimoto, Z. Liu, D. A Tryk, T. Murakami and A. Fujishima, “Large-Scale Fabrication of Ag Nanoparticles in PVP Noanofibres and Net-Like Silver Nanofibre Films by Electrospinning, Nanotechnology, 18, 075605, 2007
[19] N. A. M. Barakat, K. D. Woo, M. A. Kanjwal, K. E. Choi, M. S. Khil and H. Y. Kim, “Surface Plasmon Resonances, Optical Properties and Electrical Conductivity Thermal Hystersis of Silver Nanofibers Produced by the Electrospinning Technique, Langmuir, 24, 11982-11987, 2008
[20] T. Tetsumoto and Y. Gotoh, “Fabrication of Silver Plated Nylon 6 Nanofibers Using Iodine, Sen-I Gakkaishi, 66, 222-223, 2010
[21] http://electronicsca.blogspot.com
[22] 曲喜新, 揚邦朝, 姜節儉, 張懷武, “電子薄膜材料, 北京:科學出版社, 1996
[23] http://www.eetindia.co.in/ART_8800670538_1800010_NT_8b736799.HTM
[24] 許國銓, “科技玻璃-高性能透明導電膜玻璃, 材料與社會, 84, 110-119, 1993
[25] 陳沛霖, “觸控面板新型透明導電材料發展, 光連雙月刊, 80, 21-24, 2009
[26] D. H. Zhang and H. L. Ma, “Scattering Mechanisms of Charge Carriers in Transparent Conducting Oxide Films, Applied Physics A: Materials Science ＆ Processing, 62, 487-492, 1996
[27] B. G. Lewis and D. C. Paine, “Applications and Processing of Transparent Conducting Oxides, MRS Bulletin, 25, 22–27, 2000
[28] 楊明輝, “金屬氧化物透明導電材料的基本原理, 工業材料雜誌, 179, 134–144, 2001
[29] T. Fukano and T. Motohiro, “Low-Temperature Growth of Highly Crystallized Transparent Conductive Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Films by Intermittent Spray Pyrolysis Deposition, Solar Energy Materials ＆ Solar Cells, 82, 567–575, 2004
[30] T. Minami, “New N-type Transparent Conducting Oxides, MRS Bulletin, 25, 38–44, 2000
[31] G. J. Exarhos and X. D. Zhou, “Discovery-Based Design of Transparent Conducting Oxide Films, Thin Solid Films, 515, 7025–7052, 2007
[32] Y. Xia and J. Ouyang, “PEDOT:PSS Films with Significantly Enhanced Conductivities Induced by Preferential Solvation with Cosolvents and their Application in Polymer Photovoltaic Cells, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21, 4927-4936, 2011
[33] 廖鎔榆, “軟性電子中替代ITO之透明導電材料, 工業材料雜誌, 256, 118–123, 2008
[34] Y. H. Kim, C. Sachse, M. L. Machala, C. May, L. M. Meskamp and K. Leo, “Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Electrode with Optimized Solvent and Thermal Post-Treatment for ITO-Free Organic Solar Cells, Advanced Functional Materials, 21, 1076–1081, 2011
[35] S. Iijima, “Helical Microtubules of Graphitic Carbon, Nature, 354, 56–58, 1991
[36] A. Merkoçi, “Carbon Nanotubes in Analytical Sciences, Microchim Acta, 152, 157–174, 2006
[37] J. Liu, A. G. Rinzler, H. Dai, J. H. Hafner, R. K. Bradley, P. J. Boul, A.Lu, T. Iverson, K. Shelimov and C. B. Huffman, “Fullerene Pipes, Science, 280, 1253-1256, 1998
[38] Y. Kang and T. A. Taton, “Micelle-Encapsulated Carbon Nanotubes: a Route to Nanotube Composites, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125, 5650-5651, 2003
[39] M. Jung de Andrade, M. Dias Lima, V. Skakalova, C. Perez Bergmann, and S. Roth, “Electrical Properties of Transparent Carbon Nanotube Networks Prepared through Different Techniques, physica status solidi (RRL)-Rapid Research Letters, 1, 178-180, 2007
[40] M. H. A. Ng, L. T. Hartadi, H. Tan and C. H. P. Poa, “Efficient Coating of Transparent and Conductive Carbon Nanotube Thin Films on Plastic Substrates, Nanotechnology, 19, 5, 2008
[41] R. H. Schmidt, I. A. Kinloch, A. N. Burgess and A. H. Windle, “The Effect of Aggregation on The Electrical Conductivity of Spin-Coated Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composite Films, Langmuir, 23, 5707-5712, 2007
[42] J. Li, L. Hu, L. Wang, Y. Zhou, G. Gruner and T. J. Marks, “Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Having Carbon Nanotube Anodes, Nano Letters, 6, 2472-2477, 2006
[43] D. Choi, M. Y. Choi, H. J. Shin, S. M. Yoon, J. S. Seo, J. Y. Choi, S. Y. Lee, J. M. Kim and S. W. Kim, “Nanoscale Networked Single-Walled Carbon-Nanotube Electrodes for Transparent Flexible Nanogenerators, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 144, 1379-1384, 2010
[44] A. Zhamu, “NGPs- An Emerging Class of Nanomaterials, Reinforced Plastics, 52, 30-3, 2008
[45] 馬振基, 楊士億, 田希文, 黃元利, 李仕明, 王郁盛, 蕭閔璇, “Preparation, Properties and Potential Applications of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials, Taiwan Chemical Technology Industry Association, 2, 30-43, 2010
[46] A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The Rise of Graphene, Nature Materials, 6, 183–191, 2007
[47] C. Lee, X. Wei, J. W. Kysar and J. Hone, “Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene, Science, 321, 385-388, 2008
[48] J. H. Chen, C. Jang, S. Xiao, M. Ishigami and M. S. Fuhrer, “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Performance Limits of Graphene Devices on SiO2, Nature Nanotechnology, 3, 206-209, 2008
[49] K. S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, T. Booth, V. V. Khotkevich, S. M. Morozov and A. K. Geim, “Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 10451–10453, 2005
[50] X. Wang, L. Zhi and K. Mullen, “Transparent, Conductive Graphene Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Nano Letters, 8, 323-327, 2008
[51] J. Wu, H. A. Becerril, Z. Bao, Z. Liu, Y. Chen and P. Peumans, “Organic Solar Cells with Solution-Processed Graphene Transparent Electrodes, Applied Physics Letters, 92, 263302-263303, 2008
[52] P. Blake, P. D. Brimicombe, R. R. Nair, T. J. Booth, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, L. A. Ponomarenko, S. V. Morozov, H. F. Gleeson, E. W. Hill, A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “Graphene-Based Liquid Crystal Device, Nano Letters, 8, 1704-1708, 2008
[53] D. R. Dreyer, S. Park, C. W. Bielawski and R. S. Ruoff, “The chemistry of graphene oxide, Chemical Society Reviews, 39, 228-240, 2010
[54] H. A. Becerril, J. Mao, Z. Liu, R. M. Stoltenberg, Z. Bao and Y. Chen, “Evaluation of Solution-Processed Reduced Graphene Oxide Filmsas Transparent Conductors, Acs Nano, 2, 463-470, 2008
[55] G. Eda, G. Fanchini and M. Chhowalla, “Large-area Ultrathin Films of Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Transparent and Flexible Electronic Material, Nature Nanotechnology, 3, 270-274, 2008
[56] V. C. Tung, L. M. Chen, M. J. Allen, J. K. Wassei, K. Nelson, R. B. Kaner and Y. Yang, “Low-Temperature Solution Processing of Graphene−Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Materials for High-Performance Transparent Conductors, Nano Letters, 9, 1949-1955, 2009
[57] C. Jeong, P. Nair, M. Khan, M. Lundstrom and M. A. Alam, “Prospects for Nanowire-Doped Polycrystalline Graphene Films for Ultratransparent, Highly Conductive Electrodes, Nano Letters, 11, 5020–5025, 2011
[58] K. S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang, S. Y. Lee, J. M. Kim, K. S. Kim, J. H. Ahn, P. Kim, J. Y. Choi and B. H. Hong, “Large-Scale Pattern Growth of Graphene Films for Stretchable Transparent Electrodes, Nature, 457, 706-710, 2009
[59] J. P. Lagier, M. Figlarz and F. Fievet, “Preparing Monodisperse Metal Powders in Micrometer and Submicrometer Size by the Polyol Process, MRS Bulletin, 14, 29-32, 1989
[60] Y. Sun, Y. Yin, B. T. Mayers, T. Herricks and Y. Xia, “Uniform Silver Nanowires Synthesis by Reducing AgNO3 with Ethylene Glycol in the Presence of Seeds and Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), Chemistry of Materials, 14, 4736-4745, 2002
[61] L. B. Hu, H. S. Kim, J. Y. Lee, P. Peumans and Y. Cui, “Scalable Coating and Properties of Transparent, Flexible, Silver Nanowire Electrodes, Acs Nano, 4, 2955-2963, 2010
[62] J. L. Elechiguerra, L. L. Leticia, C. Liu, G. G. Domingo, C. B. Alejandra and M. J. Yacaman, “Corrosion at the Nanoscale: The Case of Silver Nanowires and Nanoparticles, Chemistry of Materials, 17, 6042-6052, 2005
[63] X. Y. Zeng, Q. K. Zhang, R. M. Yu and C. Z. Lu, “A New Transparent Conductor: Silver Nanowire Film Buried at the Surface of a Transparent Polymer, Advanced Materials, 22, 4484–4488, 2010
[64] F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan and A. C. Ferrari, “Graphene Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nature Photonics, 4, 611–622, 2010
[65] S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Fu, J. S. Park, Y. Zheng, J. Balakrishan, T. Lei, H. R. Kim, Y. Song, Y. J. Kim, K. S. Kim, B. Ozyilmaz, J. H. Ahn, B. H. Hong and S. Lijima, “Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes, Nature Nanotechnology, 5, 574-578, 2010
[66] A. R. Madaria, A. Kumar, F. N. Ishikawa and C. Zhou, “Uniform, Highly Conductive and Patterned Transparent Films of a Percolating Silver Nanowire Network on Rigid and Flexible Substrates Using a Dry Transfer Technique, Nano Research, 3, 564–573, 2010
[67] A. Formhals, “Process and Apparatus for Preparing Artificial Threads, US Patent, 1975504, 1934
[68] J. Doshi and D. H. Reneker, “Electrospinning Process and Applications of Electrospun Fibers, Journal of Electrostatics, 35, 151-160, 1995
[69] G. Taylor, “Disintegration of Water Drops in An Electric Field, The Royal Society, 280, 383-397, 1964
[70] T. Subbiah, G. S. Bhat, R. W. Tock, S. Parameswaran and S. S. Ramkumar, “Electrospinning of Nanofibers, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 96, 557-569, 2005
[71] J. M. Deitzel, J. Kleinmeyer, D. Harris and N. C Beck Tan, “The Effect of Processing Variables on the Morphology of Electrospun Nanofibers and Texiles, Polymer, 43, 261-272, 2001
[72] C. J. Buchko, L. C. Chen, Y. Shen and D. C. Martin, “Processing and Microstructural Characterization of Porous Biocompatible Protein Polymer Thin Films, Polymer, 40, 7397-7407, 1999
[73] G. C. Rutledge, Y. Li and S. Fridrikh, “Electrostatic Spinning and Properties of Ultrafine Fibers, National Textile Center Annual Report, M01-D22, 2001
[74] D. Li and Y. Xia, “Fabrication of Tatania Nanofibers by Electrospinning, Nano Letters, 3, 555-560, 2003,
[75] 楊聰仁, “無電解電鍍鎳研究與應用現況, 工業材料, 106, 118-123, 1995
[76] 莊萬發, “無電解鍍金-化學鍍金技術, 復漢出版社, 1996
[77] 林士傑, “應用無電解電鍍與電泳技術於玻璃基板沉積研究, 國立中山大學 機械與機電工程 碩士論文, 2006
[78] 宋抑恆, “鍍鎳的理論與實務, 徐氏基金出版, 1989
[79] Y. S. Diamand, A. Inberg, Y. Sverdlov and N. Croitoru, “Electroless Silver and Silver with Tungsten Thin Films for Microelectronics and microelectromechanical System Applications, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 147, 3345-3349, 2000
[80] Y. Wang and T. L. Alford, “Formation of Aluminum Oxynitride Diffusion Barriers for Ag Metallization, Applied Physics Letters, 74, 52-54, 1999
[81] M. Hauder, J. Gstottner, W. Hansch and D. S. Landsiedel, “Scaling Properties and Electromigration Resistance of Suputtered Ag Metallization Lines, Applied Physics Letters, 78, 838-840, 2001
[82] A. Inberg, Y. S. Diamand, E. Rabinovich, G. Golan and N. Croitoru, “Electroless-Deposited Ag-W Films for Microelectronics Applications, Thin Solid Films, 389, 213-218, 2001
[83] 施玟伶, “氧化鋅-銀奈米複合結構之製備與特性研究, 國立台北科技大學 材料科學與工程 碩士論文, 2008
[84] 林俊男, “利用紫外線及熱誘導法製備包裹奈米金屬粒子的高分子電紡絲, 國立成功大學 材料科學及工程學系 碩士論文, 2006
[85] X. Zong, K. Kim, D. Fang, S. Ran, B. S Hsiao and B. Chu, “Structure and Process Relationship of Electrospun Bioabsorbable Nanofiber Membranes, Polymer, 42, 4403-4412, 2002
[86] C. Mit-uppatham, M. Nithitanakul and P. Supapho, “Ultrafine Electrospun Polyamide-6 Fibers: Effect of Solution Conditions on Morphology and Average Fiber Diameter, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 205, 2327-2338, 2004
[87] X. Song and L. Jun, “Synthesis of Polyacrylonitrile/Ag Core–Shell Nanowire by An Improved Electroless Plating Method, Materials Letters, 62, 2681–2684, 2008
[88] 林秀玲, “電紡絲法製備銀/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯複合網狀結構於透明電極之研究, 國立成功大學 材料科學及工程學系 碩士論文, 2012
[89] B. G. Yugang Sun, B. Mayers and Y. Xia, “Crystalline Silver Nanowires by Soft Solution Processing, Nano Letters, 2, 165-168, 2002
[90] Y. Yang, J. Shi, T. Tanaka and M. Nogami, “Self-Assembled Silver Nanochains for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering, Langmuir, 23, 12042-12047, 2007
[91] J. Y. Lee, S. T. Connor, Y. Cui and P. Peumans, “Solution-processed metal nanowire mesh transparent electrodes, Nano Letters, 8, 689–692, 2008