臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

環境議題是近年來最熱門的話題之一，在推行節能減碳的現在，以LED燈取代低效率的傳統燈具是必然的趨勢，在水下照明亦是如此，然而現今關於LED於海洋研究領域的應用卻鮮少針對LED本身的特性重新探討與設計。因此，本研究將透過一系列針對LED所發展的設計流程，以水下照明、探勘為應用標的，利用LED作為光源實現水下視覺技術。
水下視覺技術是一最直觀且最能清楚顯示水下狀況的探勘方式，但其影像觀測品質卻非常受限於光度的影響，且由於水對光的傳播會有吸收和散射的作用，雖可透過加大照明光源的功率來提高水下成像之距離，但卻會因散射作用導致加大光源功率時影像更趨模糊。因此，本研究首先利用水下光場散射模型計算出水中非均勻分佈配光曲線，並以配光曲線能量映射法針對此非均勻分佈光場設計一特殊能量分佈之透鏡，透過此透鏡減少水下環境對於光的散射作用影響進而提高攝像品質。此方法可將透鏡的設計簡化為角度之間的對應，輔以Snell’s law 即可快速的完成透鏡設計；此外本研究亦將提出一針對高熱密度熱源所設計的複合式結構板式熱管，利用一心導管式支架結合銅網與溝槽結構，提高熱管橫向傳熱的能力，解決LED所產生的熱點問題。
依照水下攝影照明需求，本研究完成一非均勻分佈光場透鏡，同時根據照明分析結果開發一複合式結構熱管，完成一LED水下攝影照明系統，測試結果顯示，本研究所設計之透鏡與理論值可達NCC 96.15%，而複合式結構板式熱管在40W的輸入熱量下可保持0.143℃/W之熱阻值。最後本研究透過水槽模擬實際出海口附近海域之水下攝影，利用此照明系統所得之影像與純水比較時之PSNR值可達13.3 dB，相對於一般水下均勻光場燈具可提升約1.1 dB。

In recent decades, environmental protection has become one of the hottest topics. Considering the current context of low-carbon economy (LCE), it has become an inevitable trend to replace traditional and energy-wasting lamps with highly energy-efficient LED lights, especially in the field of underwater illumination. However, in the field of marine research, LED applications are only confined to replacement of traditional light sources directly without any specific design. In view of that, this study presented a series of design processes directed towards LED. The underwater lighting system based on LED light sources was developed and applied to underwater visual technology.
Underwater visual technology is the most direct method for underwater exploration that can display underwater conditions most clearly. However, its quality of image observation is greatly affected by underwater illuminance. Besides, a traveling light is absorbed and scattered by water. Although the power of a light source can be increased to lengthen the range of underwater imaging, the image will become much fuzzier due to the effect of scattering. Therefore, this study first calculated a non-uniform luminous intensity distribution curve (LIDC) through the scattering model of an underwater light field. Thereafter, the method for LIDC Mapping was employed to design lenses with a special energy distribution. Such lenses reduced the scattering effects of an underwater environment on light, thus improving image quality. Through the above method, the design of lenses was simplified as a correspondence between angles and was quickly completed with the aid of Snell's law, or the law of refraction. In addition, this study presented a hybrid flat plate heat pipe (FPHP) designed exclusively for a heat source with high heat flux. Having a coronary-stent-like support combined with a copper mesh plus groove structure, the novel heat pipe greatly improved its horizontal thermal conductivity, solving the problem with hot spots of LED.
Pursuant to the lighting requirements of underwater photography, this study completed a lens with a non-uniform luminous distribution. Moreover, according to the results of lighting analysis, a hybrid structure heat pipe was developed, and then an LED lighting system for underwater photography was completed. As indicated by the test results, the experimental value of the lens designed in this study reached 96.15% of the theoretical value after normalized cross correlation (NCC) was evaluated. In addition, the hybrid heat pipe maintained a thermal resistance of 0.143 ℃/W under an input heat of 40W. Finally, through an experimental tank, this study simulated underwater photography around a sea estuary. Compared with the pictures taken in pure water, those obtained through the lighting system reached a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) value of 13.3 dB. In comparison with the ordinary lighting fixture with a uniform light field underwater, the new lighting system raised the PSNR value by about 1.1 dB.

Acknowledgements I
Abstract in Chinese II
Abstract III
Table of Contents V
List of Figures IX
List of Tables XIV
1
Introduction 1
1.1 Research impetus and goal 1
1.2 Adopted technologies 7
1.2.1 Lighting system of underwater vehicle 7
1.2.2 Thermal management of high-power LED 10
1.3 Thesis structure 14
2
Literature Review 16
2.1 Lighting system of ocean engineering 16
2.1.1 The development status of underwater visual system 16
2.1.2 Underwater optics theory 21
2.1.3 Thermal issues of LED lighting 24
2.2 Review of thermal management systems 30
2.2.1 Principle of heat pipe 30
2.2.2 Capillary structure of heat pipe 36
2.2.3 Limitations of heat pipe 41
2.3 Review of optical systems 45
2.3.1 Application of LED in ocean engineering 45
2.3.2 The design method for LED lighting 49
3
Optical Design 54
3.1 Requirement analysis of underwater lighting system 54
3.1.1 Properties and principles of underwater optics 54
3.1.2 Effects of scattering on underwater imaging 57
3.2 Design of an underwater light field with non-uniform luminous distribution 61
3.3 Analysis of average cosine in underwater LED light transfer 67
3.3.1 Transfer and scatter of underwater light 68
3.3.2 Analysis of scattering probability of underwater light transfer 72
3.3.3 The total attenuation coefficient of underwater light transfer 75
3.3.4 Properties of LED Light Sources 75
3.4 The method for designing the lens 77
3.4.1 Analysis of the LIDC 77
3.4.2 The method for LIDC mapping 79
4
Design of Heat Pipe 84
4.1 Effective thermal conductivity of capillary structure 85
4.2 Maximum heat transfer of heat pipe 91
5
Design of Underwater lighting system 96
5.1 Design flow chart of underwater lighting system 96
5.2 Design of lens with non-uniform luminous intensity distribution 99
5.2.1 Non-uniform LIDC and construction of a underwater light field model 99
5.2.2 Construction of the lens with non-uniform luminous distribution 103
5.2.3 Simulation and analysis of lens with non-uniform luminous distribution 108
5.2.4 Measuring the LIDC of the lens with non-uniform luminous distribution 113
5.3 Design of NHST heat pipe 117
5.3.1 Analysis of NHST heat pipe 117
5.3.2 Working mechanism and fabrication of the NHST heat pipe 122
5.3.3 Measurement equipment 125
5.4 Thermal performance test of NHST heat pipe 129
5.4.1 Axial thermal resistance 129
5.4.2 Effects of the hybrid structure on the thermal conductivity coefficient 131
5.4.3 Effects of inclined angles 134
5.5 Construction of the underwater lighting module 138
6
Measurement of Underwater lighting system 139
6.1 Construction of experimental equipment 141
6.1.1 Construction of small-scale experimental tank 141
6.1.2 Construction of measuring instrument in the towing tank 147
6.2 Measurement and analysis of attenuation coefficient 151
6.3 Analysis and discussion of underwater light field 153
6.3.1 Measuring attenuation coefficient in the towing tank 153
6.3.2 Measurement of underwater light field 156
6.4 Effects of scattering coefficients on underwater imaging 161
7
Conclusion 164
Reference 166
Curriculum Vita 178

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