臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

全球衛星定位系統(GPS)長距離相對定位已經廣泛的應用於大地測量的領域，並且可達到公分級的定位精度。在未來的全球導航衛星系統 (GNSS)中，現代化GPS以及Galileo兩系統是可相容的並且都提供了三頻的民用訊號。因此在長基線相對定位中，評估使用雙系統三頻觀測量後其效能的提升為一門重要的研究課題。本研究中，我們首先提出一種廣義的長基線相對定位方法 (GLA)來處理現代化GPS以及Galileo的三頻觀測量。GLA是以目前雙頻GPS長基線相對定位方法為基礎，這種方法必須同時採用到相位以及電碼觀測量。雖然現代化GPS以及Galileo的三頻觀測量在長基線相對定位的效能可以藉由GLA獲得，但其效能會受到電碼觀測量上的多路徑效應所影響。考量到電碼多路徑的影響，針對現代化GPS以及Galileo，本研究提出一種新的只用三頻相位觀測量的長距離相對定位方法(PLA)， 利用此方法我們可以評估出在不受到電碼多路徑下的效能。本研究的測試資料採用了一條長度為2243公里的基線，透過分析可以獲得以下結論: (1) 目前GPS連續追蹤站的每日定位解的精度可藉由雙系統GPS/Galileo觀測量的使用來提升，(2) 利用GLA可產生出使用相位以及電碼觀測量的動態週波值解，其分析指出使用三頻觀測量在效能上優於使用雙頻觀測量，尤其是當多路徑效應或電碼雜訊嚴重時，(3)只使用三頻相位觀測量的動態週波值解可透過PLA獲得，其成果指出當嚴重的電碼多路徑影響下，只用三頻相位觀測量的動態週波值解在效能上能夠勝過使用GLA產生的三頻相位以及電碼觀測量的動態週波值解。

Global positioning system (GPS) long-range relative positioning is commonly used for achieving centimeter-level positioning accuracy and has been widely applied to the fields of geodesy. In the future Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), the modernized GPS and Galileo are mutually compitable and both provide triple-frequency signals for civil use, and it is of high interest to investigate the performance by using the triple-frequency measurements from the two constellations. In this study, we first proposed a generalized GPS/Galileo long-range approach (GLA), which is based on the current generalized dual-frequency GPS long-range approach using both the phase and code measurements, to process the mutually-compatible modernized GPS and Galileo triple-frequency measurements. The triple-frequency GPS/Galileo performances can be evaluated by GLA, and however, the performances are affected by the unstable multipath effect on code measurements. Considering the multipath effect on code measurements, a triple-frequency phase-only long-range GPS/Galileo approach (PLA) was then proposed. The triple-frequency phase-only GPS/Galileo performances can be further evaluated by PLA. With the simulated test data (baseline length: 2243 km), it can be concluded that (1) the current positioning accuracy of daily solutions at continuous GPS tracking stations can be improved by using the GPS/Galileo dual-constellation measurements, (2) according to the performance of phase-code kinematic ambiguity resolution computed by GLA, using the triple-frequency measurements is superior to using the dual-frequency measurements, particularly when multipath or code noise is large, and (3) according to the performance of phase-only and phase-code kinematic ambiguity resolution computed by PLA and GLA, respectively, the triple-frequency phase-only kinematic ambiguity resolution outperforms the triple-frequency phase-code kinematic ambiguity resolution when severe code multipath is present.

摘要I
AbstractII
AcknowledgementIII
ContentsV
List of TablesVIII
List of FiguresIX

CHAPTER 1 Introduction1
1.1 Background1
1.2 Statement of problems5
1.3 Objectives6
1.4 Thesis outline7

CHAPTER 2 Modernization GPS and Galileo8
2.1 Modernization GPS8
2.2 Galileo10
2.3 Compatibility and interoperability of modernized GPS and Galileo13

CHAPTER 3 Satellite measurements and systematic errors17
3.1 Code and phase measurements17
3.2 Ionosphere delays18
3.3 Troposphere delays21
3.4 Orbital uncertainty22
3.5 Satellite antenna phase center offset23
3.6 Receiver antenna phase center offset and variation24
3.7 Tide displacement26
3.7.1 Earth tidal displacement26
3.7.2 Ocean loading Tidal displacement27
3.8 Earth rotational effects27
3.9 Receiver noise and multipath28

CHAPTER 4 Basic theories of relative positioning30
4.1 Least-squares adjustment30
4.1.1 Stochastic and functional model31
4.1.2 Error propagation33
4.1.3 Testing the posteriori variance34
4.1.4 The test35
4.2 Double-differenced (DD) measurements 36
4.3 Cycle slip detection37
4.4 Troposphere delay handling38
4.5 Kalman filter39
4.6 Integer ambiguity search41
4.6.1 The LAMBDA method42
4.6.2 Ambiguity resolution and validation46
4.6.3 Full and partial ambiguity fixing47
4.7 Triple-Frequency measurement linear combinations49
4.7.1 General form of triple-frequency linear combinations49
4.7.2 Wide-lane and extra wide-lane phase combinations51
4.7.3 Ionosphere-free phase combinations53
4.7.4 Extra wide-lane ionosphere-reduced phase combinations54
4.7.5 Phase and code combination55

CHAPTER 5 GPS and Galileo measurement simulator57
5.1 The simulator57
5.2 Simulation of the GPS and Galileo constellation 59
5.3 Simulation of ionosphere delays61
5.4 Simulation of troposphere delays64
5.5 Simulation of receiver noises and multipath effects67
5.6 Simulation of orbital errors69

CHAPTER 6 GPS/Galileo long-range relative positioning approaches70
6.1 Generalized GPS/Galileo approach 70
6.1.1 Observation sets 70
6.1.2 Parameter estimation73
6.1.3 GLA flowchart79
6.2 Phase-only GPS/Galileo long-range approach80
6.2.1 Phase range80
6.2.2 Resolving phase-only integer synthetic ambiguity solutions84
6.2.3 Full-rank observation model86
6.2.4 Candidates and the determination89
6.2.5 Optimal selection of the constraint90
6.2.5.1 UBE of constraints90
6.2.5.2 Biases of constraints93
6.2.5.3 The optimal constraints of the triple-frequency GPS and Galileo95
6.2.6 Alternative integer ambiguity solution of the Galileo95

CHAPTER 7 Test results and performance analysis99
7.1 Experiments on GLA99
7.1.1 Validating positioning accuracy of GLA99
7.1.2 Data simulation101
7.1.3 Improvements on positioning102
7.1.4 Analysis of kinematic ambiguity resolution 104
7.1.4.1 Improvement of the performance104
7.1.4.2 Influence of noise and multipath 108
7.2 Comparisons of phase-only and phase-code ambiguity resolution112
7.2.1 Data simulation112
7.2.2 Ambiguity-fixed percentage113
7.2.3 Influence of phase and code multipath114
7.2.4 Galileo ambiguity resolution performance116
7.2.5 Improvements of the phase-only ambiguity resolution performance117
7.2.6 Improvements of GPS/Galileo phase-only ambiguity resolution performance120
CHAPTER 8 Conclusions122

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