臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

「價值導向的記憶」是指個體能夠依據刺激項目的價值去做選擇性地記憶。先前研究指出ADHD-C組(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type)在選擇性記憶作業(selectivity memory task)上的表現明顯地比ADHD其他亞型以及控制組差。本研究的目的是以再認作業(recognition task)與回想作業(recall task)來驗證ADHD-C組在選擇性記憶作業的較差表現是來自於記憶的哪個階段：若為登錄階段的問題，ADHD-C在回想與再認作業應都表現較差；但若為提取階段的問題，ADHD-C在再認作業則應可以提升表現。為了驗證此問題，本研究先在大學生受試中建立中文素材與實驗程序，並了解小學生是否有類似的選擇性記憶效果。最後再延伸比較小學生ADHD組與控制組的選擇性記憶表現，以驗證此研究問題。研究結果顯示(1) 大學生與小學生(年齡變項)在選擇性指標上無顯著差異。(2) ADHD-C組在回想作業中選擇性記憶指標(selectivity index, SI)顯著較差，但在再認作業中則無顯著差異。 (3)回想作業中，工作記憶容量和效能為不同心理構念，但再認作業中無法區分兩著。研究結論為受試者在再認作業所使用的認知策略與回想作業不同，選擇性指標無法在再認作業中用來表示工作記憶效能，因此結果可能支持ADHD-C組的選擇性記憶問題是發生在提取階段。另外，年齡發展在中文環境中不會造成選擇性指標的不同，這項結果與過去研究不一致，推測可能與文化因素有關。

The “Value-directed memory” is defined as individual can selectively encode and maintain high-value information. Previous research has suggested that ADHD-C(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type) were less selective than children in the control group and other subtype in terms of the value of the items they recalled (control of memory). The objective of this study was to use recognition and recall tasks to identify the memory stage responsible for the inferior selective memory task performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-combined type (ADHD-C). If the problem occurs during the memory encoding stage, the results should be poor for both the recall and recognition tasks. However, if the problem occurs in the memory retrieval stage, ADHD-C patients should be able to improve their recognition task performance. In addition, because previous studies have indicated that the development of cognitive function is closely related to age, this factor was included in as a variable to investigate the relationship between age and value-directed memory. The research results are listed as follows: (a) school children and undergraduates(i.e., age was used as the variable) showed no significant differences in SI; (b) the selectivity index (SI) for the recall tasks achieved by the ADHD-C group were less than other groups, yet no significant differences were observed for the recognition tasks; and (c)for the recall tasks, working memory capacity and efficiency were two distinct psychological constructs. However, the constructs could not be differentiated during the recognition tasks. Therefore, this study suggests that cognitive strategies employed by the participants for the recognition tasks differed from those for the recall tasks, and SI could not be used to represent the efficiency of working memory during the recognition tasks. Consequently, this supports the hypothesis that selective memory problems occur during the memory retrieval stage for the ADHD-C group. In additions, age does not lead to SI differences in Mandarin-speaking environments, which is incongruent with the results of previous Western studies. This discrepancy may be attributed to cultural factors.

目錄
摘要 II
Abstract III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 IX
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 注意力缺失/過動疾患（ADHD） 2
第二節 注意力缺失/過動疾患相關病理 3
第三節 價值性記憶實驗 8
第四節 研究目的與研究假設 12
第二章 實驗一 13
第一節 實驗目的 13
第二節 研究對象 13
第三節 研究程序 14
第四節 研究工具 16
第五節 實驗設計與統計方法 23
第六節 實驗結果與討論 25
第三章 實驗二 34
第一節 實驗目的 34
第二節 研究對象 34
第三節 研究程序 36
第四節 研究工具 37
第五節 實驗設計與統計方法 41
第六節 實驗結果與討論 42
第四章 綜合討論 53
第一節 研究果摘要 53
第二節 研究貢獻與討論 55
參考文獻 62
附錄一 66
附錄二 80
附錄三 82
附錄四 100
附錄五 105
 
表目錄
表2- 1文字材料挑選階層 18
表2- 2第一次評分者對刺激材料進行雙重檢查 19
表2- 3第二次評分者對刺激材料進行雙重檢查 19
表2- 4第三次評分者對刺激材料進行雙重檢查 20
表2- 5回憶數量、分數、以及選擇性指標(SI)的資料比較表(實驗一) 28
表2- 6依變項的的相關矩陣表(實驗一) 31
表3- 1人口學變項的描述性統計摘要表 35
表3- 2回憶數量、分數、以及選擇性指標的變異數分析摘要表 47
表3- 3依變項的相關係數矩陣表(實驗二) 50
表3- 4回想作業的學習效果之描述性統計摘要表 51
表4- 1兩個實驗在兩個作業的回憶數量、回憶分數、以及SI之組別差異 54
表4- 2兩個實驗在兩個作業的回憶數量、回憶分數、以及SI之相關比較表 54


 
圖目錄
圖 2- 1研究流程圖(實驗一) 16
圖2- 2值性記憶作業刺激材料呈現範例 20
圖2- 3價值性記憶作業之回想部分(實驗一) 22
圖2- 4價值性記憶作業之再認部分(實驗一) 22
圖2- 5回想作業的序列位置(實驗一) 25
圖2- 6再認作業的序列位置(實驗一) 26
圖2- 7回憶順序的平均回憶價值(實驗一) 27
圖2- 8回想作業中不同價值正確回憶出的比率(實驗一) 27
圖2- 10大學生和小學生在不同作業的回憶價值得分 29
圖2- 11大學生和小學生在不同作業的選擇性指標 30
圖2- 12大學生和小學生在回憶單字數量的學習效果 32
圖2- 13大學生和小學生在選擇性指標學習效果 32
圖3- 1研究流程圖(實驗二) 37
圖3- 2價值性記憶作業之回想部分(實驗二) 40
圖3- 3價值性記憶作業之再認部分(實驗二) 40
圖3- 4回想作業的序列位置(實驗二) 43
圖3- 5再認作業的序列位置(實驗二) 43
圖3- 6回憶順序的平均回憶價值(實驗二) 44
圖3- 7回想作業中不同價值正確回憶出的比率(實驗二) 45
圖3- 8再認作業中不同價值正確命中的比率(實驗二) 45
圖3- 9三組受試者在不同作業的平均回憶數量 48
圖3- 10三組受試者在不同作業的平均回憶得分 48
圖3- 11三組受試者在不同作業的選擇性指標 49
圖3- 12三個組別在前半段回合與後半段回合的回憶單字數量 52
圖3- 13三個組別在前半段回合與後半段回合的選擇性指標 52

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