臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著19世紀石化工業的蓬勃發展，石油及相關產品的火災頻頻發生，傳統的滅火劑(水)已經無法有效控制滅火，於是在19世紀末，人們就研發撲滅液體燃料火災的方法和滅火劑，其中泡沫為對付B類火災最有效滅火藥劑之ㄧ，然而泡沫液的長期儲存，會產生品質劣化，進而使滅火性能降低，這是不可否認，所以國外成立泡沫檢測機構，加以把關泡沫的品質及效能，反觀國內針對泡沫的檢測規範不多，無法真正對泡沫作有效的檢測。所以國內較有規模石化工業，每年主動採樣泡沫液送至國外檢測機構測試。
本研究透過國內外文獻並收集分析後，複製(設計)一套實驗架構與ANSUL檢測機構類似系統，針對於泡沫液長期儲存品質檢測及滅火效能評估，並前往有使用泡沫滅火設備場所(彰化縣集合住宅內地下停車空間)，採集27種AFFF泡沫液樣本，進行下列兩種主要實場試驗:
1.泡沫品質試驗:PH值、黏度值、折射率、膨脹倍率、還液時間。
2.滅火效能試驗:小型滅火試驗、抗(回)燒試驗。
研究結果顯示，泡沫液年份愈久，其泡沫品質中還液時間愈快、膨脹倍率愈小，其因泡沫膜的厚度變薄導致消泡性愈快；另滅火效能試驗，隨著泡沫液儲存年份其滅火效能有顯著下降情況且呈一線性關係，年份愈久，所需滅火時間愈長，其耐火性及封閉性愈差，抗火焰回燒效能亦變差；研究結果發現，泡沫液儲存時暴露在陽光下，將加速泡沫液產生變質，使品質劣化、滅火效能降低。

As the petrochemical industry developed excitedly in the 19th century, petroleum and products produced by petroleum would frequently occur fire. The traditional fire extinguishing agent (water) were unable to control the fire effectively. In the late 19th century, people developed fire extinguishing methods and agents for liquid fuel, in which foam is the most effective extinguishing agent against Class B fire. However, foam concentrate stored over long periods of time would not only make the foam quality degrade, but also decrease extinguishment ability, this is undeniable. Therefore, foreign countries set up foam testing organizations to check the foam quality and extinguishment ability. On the other hand, Taiwan could not effectively conduct foam testing. Large-scale petrochemical industries in Taiwan would collect foam concentrate samples yearly then send to foreign testing organizations for testing.
This Study collects and analyzes literature in Taiwan and foreign countries, then copies (designs) an experimental architecture like Ansul Agents Laboratory to test the foam concentrate stored over long periods of time for quality and performance. 27 kinds of AFFF foam concentrate samples were collected at places with foam fire extinguishing equipment (Changhua County resident building parking spaces) and conducted the following two main real field testing:
1.The testing of foam quality: PH value, Viscosity, Refractive index, Expansion, Drainage time.
2.The testing of firefighting ability: Small-scale fire test, Burn-back test.
The results showed that when the foam concentrate were saved for a longer time, it has faster drainage time and smaller expansion, which is due to the thinner foam film resulting in faster defoaming. The testing of extinguishment ability for foam concentrate stored over long periods of time showed that the extinguishment ability decreased significantly, and there was a linear relationship. For foam concentrate stored over long periods of time, the time for extinguishment needed much longer. It not only had worst fire resistance and shielding ability, but also had bad burn-back ability. The results showed that foam concentrate exposed to sunlight would increase the deterioration of foam concentrate quickly, decrease foam quality and extinguishment ability.

頁次
中文摘要 ………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract………………………………………………………………… ii
誌謝 ………………………………………………………………… iv
目錄 ………………………………………………………………… v
表目錄 ………………………………………………………………… viii
圖目錄 ………………………………………………………………… ix
符號說明 ………………………………………………………………… xi
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………… 1
1.1 前言…………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 研究動機……………………………………………………… 2
1.3 研究目的……………………………………………………… 3
1.4 研究步驟……………………………………………………… 3
1.5 文獻探討……………………………………………………… 4
1.5.1 泡沫滅火之發展……………………………………………… 4
1.5.2 何謂消防泡沫水溶液………………………………………… 5
1.5.3 泡沫液之分類………………………………………………… 6
1.5.3.1 泡沫液之種類可由三個特性來區別………………………… 6
1.5.3.2 一般泡沫液之分類…………………………………………… 6
1.6 泡沫液的物理及化學特性…………………………………… 7
1.7 泡沫液選用時應評估特性…………………………………… 8
1.8 泡沫液國際相關測試規範介紹……………………………… 9
1.9 泡沫品質國內相關檢測項目………………………………… 10
1.10 泡沫品質國際相關檢測項目………………………………… 11
1.10.1 國內外泡沫品質之還液時間檢測…………………………… 13
1.10.2 國內外泡沫品質檢測之泡沫膨脹測試……………………… 15
1.10.3 國外泡沫品質檢測之折射率檢測…………………………… 17
1.11 國內泡沫滅火器滅火測試相關測試規範…………………… 17
1.11.1 第二種滅火試驗……………………………………………… 17
1.11.2 泡沫噴頭滅火試驗…………………………………………… 18
1.12 國外泡沫滅火試驗相關檢測規範之滅火試驗盆需求……… 19
1.12.1 國外滅火試驗(燃燒)盆……………………………………… 19
1.12.2 泡沫液滅火測試相關測試規範之回燒試驗需求…………… 21
1.12.3 泡沫液滅火測試相關測試規範之泡沫噴嘴需求…………… 22
1.13 UL 162規模與SP、ANSUL小型規模滅火試驗…………… 25
第二章 泡沫品質檢測及小型滅火測試系統探討…………………… 27
2.1 泡沫品質檢測(化性物性檢測)設備名詞介紹……………… 27
2.1.1 pH值(pH-value) ………………………………………… 27
2.1.2 折射率(Refractive index)…………………………… 28
2.1.3 黏度(Viscosity) ……………………………………… 28
2.1.4 膨脹倍率(Expansion) …………………………………… 28
2.1.5 還液時間(Drainage Time) …………………………… 28
2.2 B類火災試驗設備名詞介紹………………………………… 28
2.3 依UL 162規模探討B類火災試驗 ………………………… 32
2.3.1 B類火災試驗規範要求……………………………………… 32
2.3.2 各類泡沫滅火裝置規範……………………………………… 34
2.3.2.1 泡沫產生系統………………………………………………… 34
2.3.2.2 低倍泡沫滅火裝置…………………………………………… 35
2.3.2.3 中倍泡沫滅火裝置…………………………………………… 35
2.3.2.4 高倍泡沫滅火裝置…………………………………………… 36
2.3.3 各類泡沫液應達到滅火等級和抗(回)燒時間……………… 37
2.3.4 SP檢測機構進行EN1568與小規模滅火試驗之間差異探… 39
第三章 研究內容及方法……………………………………………… 41
3.1 收集資料……………………………………………………… 41
3.2 實驗設備與系統架設………………………………………… 41
3.2.1 樣品取樣……………………………………………………… 42
3.2.2 實驗儀器設備………………………………………………… 42
3.2.3 火源設計……………………………………………………… 46
3.2.3.1 燃燒盆火源…………………………………………………… 46
3.2.3.2 燃燒盆設計…………………………………………………… 47
3.2.4 泡沫放射設計………………………………………………… 47
3.2.5 抗(回)燒設計………………………………………………… 49
3.2.6 旋轉盤設計…………………………………………………… 50
3.3 實驗操作步驟(品質檢測)…………………………………… 50
3.3.1 化物性檢測…………………………………………………… 51
3.4 實驗操作步驟(小型滅火試驗)……………………………… 56
3.4.1 泡沫水溶液的配制…………………………………………… 56
3.4.2 試驗條件……………………………………………………… 56
3.4.3 紀錄數據……………………………………………………… 56
3.4.4 試驗步驟……………………………………………………… 56
3.4.4.1 小型滅火試驗步驟…………………………………………… 57
3.4.4.2 100％抗(回)燒試驗步驟 …………………………………… 58
第四章 火災實驗與結果探討………………………………………… 59
4.1 泡沫品質檢測………………………………………………… 60
4.1.1 PH值………………………………………………………… 60
4.1.2 黏度…………………………………………………………… 62
4.1.3 折射率………………………………………………………… 63
4.1.4 膨脹倍率……………………………………………………… 65
4.1.5 還液時間(25%、50%)………………………………………… 67
4.1.6 長期儲存泡沫液品質的分析………………………………… 69
4.2 滅火試驗……………………………………………………… 69
4.2.1 小型滅火試驗………………………………………………… 70
4.2.2 100%抗(回)燒試驗………………………………………… 72
4.2.3 長期儲存泡沫液滅火性能的分析…………………………… 73
第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………………… 75
5.1 結論…………………………………………………………… 75
5.2 建議…………………………………………………………… 76
參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………… 79

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［3］A.F.RATZER,”History and Development of Foam as a Fire Extinguish”,
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［7］EN 1568,” Specification for medium expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-immiscible liquids”Fire extinguishing media - Foam concentrates ,Part 1,2008
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［9］ANSUL,”FOAM TESTING/FOAM TEST KIT”, ANSUL AGENTS ABORATORY,2004.
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