本論文提出輕量化的可視穿視網膜投影機光學系統設計，共分為三個部份，分別是成像系統、照明系統與攝影機系統；成像系統為一組目鏡系統，具有12度的半視角，功能為把顯示面板上的影像當作物，讓人眼直接觀察到顯示面板而不需要屏幕，再利用分光鏡來做為結合外界影像與面板影像的元件，以達到可視穿的效果；照明系統的部分，使用陣列式RGB LED為光源，透過準直鏡、單片式透鏡陣列均與集光鏡光來達到均勻化的效果，利用色序式 (color sequential) 的方式來達到不同顏色的混光，最後在反射式矽基液晶顯示器 (Liquid crystal on silicon)上達到均勻的照明；攝影機系統為一個F/2.8視角30度的200萬畫素影機鏡頭，系統可利用攝影機捕捉外界影像進行辯識，進一步提供使用者即時資訊，亦或是紀錄與拍攝影像等，提高使用上的方便程度；設計完成的光機系統體積約為4.352立方公分，重量約為5.78 克。

In this thesis, we propose a retina projector system. The system is divided into three parts, image system, illumination system and camera system. Liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) panel with color-sequential type is selected for the projection system. The image system is composed by PBS, BS and an eyepiece with half view angle of 12 degrees. The purpose of eyepiece is to let human eye watch video panel directly, so that this system does not require a projection screen. Using BS as a combiner to overlap image on the panel and outside image, enable the system to be see-through. About illumination system, it includes a set of RGB LED array, a collimator, a homogenizer, and a condenser. A piece of micro-lens array is designed for homogenization. The set of RGB LED array makes the mechanism of illumination system simpler. Base on this design, the JBMA uniformity on panel can achieve 94.77%. Finally, the camera system is designed to record outside image with F/# 2.8, half view angle of 30 degrees, and 2.0 megapixels. By analyzing those images, the system can provide real time information. With this camera, user can get more interactions with retina projector. The total size of retina projector is approximately 4.352 cc, weight is about 5.78 g.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
致謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 x
表目錄 xiii
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 文獻回顧 1
1-2 研究動機與目的 3
1-3 論文大綱 4
第二章 原理與系統介紹 6
2-1 人眼系統介紹 6
2-2 視網膜投影機工作原理 9
2-3 光展量(Étendue)原理介紹 10
2-4 均光系統工作原理 13
第三章 成像系統設計 15
3-1 成像系統簡介 15
3-2 LCOS面板規格 16
3-3 投影鏡頭初階規格設定 17
3-3-1 像高設定 18
3-3-2 物距 18
3-3-3 系統視角設定 18
3-3-4 焦距計算 18
3-3-5 入瞳口徑設定 19
3-3-6 適眼距(Eye relief) 19
3-3-7 像方遠心系統 19
3-4 優化目標的制定 20
3-4-1 MTF (Modulation transfer function)要求 20
3-4-2 橫向色差(Lateral color) 21
3-4-3 光學畸變(Optical distortion) 21
3-4-4 電視畸變(TV distortion) 21
3-4-5 相對照度(Relative illumination) 22
3-5 設計與優化 22
3-5-1 非球面塑膠鏡片的使用 23
3-5-2 相對照度的控制 23
3-5-3 公差的控制 25
3-6 投影鏡頭設計優化結果與公差分析 26
3-6-1 投影鏡頭鏡組資料 26
3-6-2 初階設計結果 28
3-6-3 MTF設計結果 29
3-6-4 橫向色差(Lateral color)設計結果 31
3-6-5 畸變(Distortion)設計結果 32
3-6-6 相對照度(Relative illumination)設計結果 33
3-6-7 公差分析 34
3-7 投影鏡頭重量分析 36
第四章 照明系統設計 37
4-1 照明系統簡介 37
4-2 LED光源規格 38
4-3 均光系統設計 39
4-3-1 準直鏡設計 39
4-3-2 透鏡陣列設計 41
4-3-3 集光鏡設計 43
4-4 效率與均勻度分析 45
4-4-1 面板效率分析 46
4-4-2 均勻度分析 47
4-5 組合後人眼系統分析 53
4-5-1 面板到人眼效率分析 53
4-5-2 人眼觀測亮度分析 54
4-6 色彩分析 56
4-6-1 色域(color gamut)分析 56
4-6-2 投影機輸出白平衡 59
4-7 照明系統重量分析 60
第五章 攝影機系統設計 61
5-1 攝影機系統簡介 61
5-2 Sensor規格 62
5-3 攝影機系統初階規格設定 62
5-3-1 像高設定 63
5-3-2 焦距計算 63
5-3-3 系統長度限制(Overall length) 63
5-4 優化目標制定 64
5-4-1 MTF (Modulation transfer function)要求 64
5-4-2 橫向色差(Lateral color) 65
5-4-3 畸變(Distortion) 65
5-4-4 相對照度(Relative illumination) 65
5-5 設計結果與公差分析 66
5-5-1 鏡組資料 66
5-5-2 初階設計結果 68
5-5-3 MTF設計結果 68
5-5-4 橫向色差(Lateral color)設計結果 71
5-5-5 畸變(Distortion)設計結果 72
5-5-6 相對照度(Relative illumination)設計結果 73
5-5-7 公差分析 74
5-6 攝影機系統重量分析 76
第六章 光學系統分析 77
6-1 成像系統分析 77
6-2 照明系統分析 77
6-3 攝影機系統分析 78
6-4 系統重量分析 79
6-5 系統體積分析 81
第七章 結論與未來展望 82
7-1 結論 82
7-2 未來展望 82
參考資料 84

[1] Sutherland I E. The ultimate display(J). Proceeding of IFIP, 1965, 65(2): 506-508.
[2] Cakmakci, Ozan, and Jannick Rolland. "Head-worn displays: a review." Journal of Display Technology 2.3 (2006): 199-216.
[3] Wilson, Joel, et al. "Design of monocular head-mounted displays for increased indoor firefighting safety and efficiency." Defense and Security. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2005.
[4] Rolland, J., and K. Thompson. "See-Through Head Worn Displays for Mobile Augmented Reality." Proceedings of the China National Computer Conference. 2011.
[5] Kijima, Ryugo, and Michitaka Hirose. "A Compound Virtual Environment Using the Projective Head Mounted Display." Proceedings of International Conference on Virtual Reality Software and Technology. Vol. 95. 1995.
[6] Fisher, Ralph W. "Head-mounted projection display system featuring beam splitter and method of making same." U.S. Patent No. 5,572,229. 5 Nov. 1996.
[7] Fergason, James L. "Optical system for a head mounted display using a retro-reflector and method of displaying an image." U.S. Patent No. 5,621,572. 15 Apr. 1997.
[8] Rolland, Jannick P., and Henry Fuchs. "Optical versus video see-through head-mounted displays in medical visualization." Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 9.3 (2000): 287-309.
[9] Fischer, Robert Edward, et al. "Optical system design." (2000): 155-166.
[10] Iwebwe, http://www.iwebwe.com/archives/1203
[11] B.H. Walker, “Optical Engineering Fundamentals”, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Chap. 10, (1995).
[12] TELESCOPE EYEPIECE, http://www.telescope-optics.net/eyepiece1.htm
[13] Doany, Fuad Elias, and Alan Edward Rosenbluth. "High efficiency field-sequential color projector using two SLMs." U.S. Patent No. 5,921,650. 13 Jul. 1999.
[14] HOLOEYE, http://holoeye.com/lcos-microdisplays/hed-1016-color- lcos-microdisplay/
[15] Mo Jalie, The Principles of Ophthalmic Lens, The Association of Dispensing Opticians, London, 1992.
[16] Wikipedia, Gamut, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamut.
[17] W. Sun, Y. Chiang, and C. Tsuei, "Optical design for the DLP pocket projector using LED light source" Physics Procedia 19, 301-307 (2011).
[18] OmniVision, OV 2643, http://www.ovt.com/download_document.php?type = sensor&sensorid=98
[19] P. M. Hubel, J. Liu, and R. J. Guttosch,"Spatial frequency response of color image sensors: Bayer color filters and Foveon X3" in Electronic Imaging 2004Anonymous (International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2004).
[20] Father of the Bayer filter dies aged 83, http://www.hdwarrior.co.uk/2012/ 11/23/father-of-the-bayer-filter-dies-aged-83/
[21] J. Rolland and H. Hua, "Head-mounted display systems," Encyclopedia of optical engineering 1-13 (2005).