臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

菊醣是常用的益生菌元。益生菌元是一種不會被澱粉酶消化之多醣類食物，可刺激腸道益生細菌的生長和活性。菊醣是由果糖分子組成的多醣。菊醣被預期可通過增加有益細菌而調節鴿子的免疫系統。本實驗探討，菊醣補充對鴿子腸道免疫系統和微生物群體之影響。每天每隻鴿子的菊醣劑量為20、5、1和0.5％。至少有86株細菌被分離純化並進行鑑定，從素囊和腸道細菌。發現素囊和腸道之優勢種致病菌為Enterobacter cloacae,Klebsiella pneumoniae和Staphylococcus kloosii。經菊醣1和0.5％處理後鴿子之素囊和腸道致病細菌的數量減少，而有益細菌的數量有明顯增加1和0.5％菊粉治療。發現素囊和腸道之優勢有益菌為Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus agilis, Lactobacillus ingluviei，而組織學觀察發現，低濃度的菊醣不會造成鴿子肝臟的脂肪堆積。

Inulin is commonly used as a prebiotic. Prebiotic is the kind polysaccharides as indigestible food which stimulate the growth and activity of a select of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and host’s health. Inulin is storage polysaccharide consisting of fructose molecules with a terminal glucose molecule. Inulin was expected to modulate the pigeon’s immune system by increasing the beneficial bacteria and improve the humoral and cellular immunity. The effects of inulin supplementation on the immune system and microflora population in crop and intestine of pigeon were investigated in this experiment. The doses of inulin per day per bird was 20, 5, 1 and 0.5%. At least 86 strains of bacteria were identified from crop and intestinal bacteria. The dominant species of crop and intestinal pathogenic bacteria were Enterobacter cloacae, Klabsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus kloosii. Inulin treatment decreased the number of pathogenic bacteria in pigeon crop and intestinal. The number of beneficial bacteria also increases by 1 and 0.5% of inulin treatment. The dominant species of crop and intestinal beneficial bacteria were Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus agilis and Lactobacillus ingluviei. Histological observation reveals that low level of inulin decrease the fat accumulation in pigeon’s liver.

Abstract (Chinese) .......................................................................................... i
Abstract (English) .......................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents ........................................................................................... iv
List of Figures ................................................................................................. vi
List of Tables .................................................................................................. vii
List of Apendices ............................................................................................ viii
I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................... 1
1.2 Research Motivation ......................................................................... 4
1.3 Future Impact ................................................................................... 5
II. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 6
2.1 Inulin ................................................................................................ 6
2.2 Prebiotic ........................................................................................... 8
2.3 Inulin as Potential Prebiotic .............................................................. 9
2.4 Mechanism of Prebiotic Action ........................................................ 11
2.5 Digestive Tract of Pigeon ................................................................. 12
2.6 Development of Gut Microflora ....................................................... 15
2.7 Interaction between Dietary Inulin and Intestinal Microflora
Population ............................................................................................. 17
2.8 Interaction between Dietary Inulin and Lipid Metabolism ................ 19
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................... 21
3.1 Experimental Design ........................................................................ 21
3.2 Birds ................................................................................................. 21
3.3 Inulin Treatment ............................................................................... 21
3.4 Samples ............................................................................................ 22
3.5 Isolation and Purification .................................................................. 22
3.6 DNA Preparation .............................................................................. 23
3.7 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ................................................... 23
3.8 Microbial Population Enumeration ................................................... 24
3.9 Organ Histology ............................................................................... 24
3.10 Statistical Analysis ......................................................................... 25
IV. RESULTS ............................................................................................ 26
4.1 Diversity of Crop and Intestinal Bacteria Community ..................... 26
4.2 Bacteria Population .......................................................................... 32
4.2 Organ Histology ............................................................................... 34
V. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................ 36
5.1 Microflora Population ...................................................................... 36
5.2 Bacteria Population .......................................................................... 42
5.3 Organ Histology ............................................................................... 43
VI. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................. 45
REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 46
APENDICES .............................................................................................. 61

Abbo, A., S. N. Venezia, O. H. Muntz, T. Krichali, Y. S. Igra, and Y. Carmeli. 2005. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11(1): 22-29.
Abdelqader, A, A. R Al-Fataftah and G. Das. 2013. Effects of Dietary Bacillus subtilis and Inulin Supplementation on Performance, Eggshell Quality, Intestinal Morphology and Microflora Composition of Laying Hens in the Phase of Production. Animal Feed Science and Technology 179: 103-111.
Abrams, S. A., I. J. Griffin, K. M. Hawthorne, L. Liang, S. K. Gunn, G. Darlington and K. J. Ellis. 2005. A Combination of Prebiotic Short- and Long-Chain Inulin-Type Fructans Enhances Calcium Absorption and Bone Mineralization in Young Adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82:471– 476.
Alavi, S. A. N., A. Zakeri, B. Kamrani and Y. Pourakhbari. 2012. Effect of Prebiotics, Prebiotics, Acidifier, Growth Promoter Antibiotics and Synbiotic on Humoral Immunity of Broiler Chickens. Global Veterenaria 8(6): 612-617.
Antony, B. and BPM. R. Prasad, 2011. An Outbreak of Neonatal Septicaemia by Enterobacter cloacae. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease pp: 227-229.
Arango, O., A. J. Trujillo and M. Castillo. 2013. Influence of Fat Replacement by Inulin On Rheological Properties, Kinetics of Rennet Milk Coagulation, and Syneresis of Milk Gels. J. Dairy Sci. 96:1984–1996.
Awad, W. A., K. Ghareeb, N. Pablak and J. Zentek. 2013. Dietary Inulin Alters the Intestinal Absorptive and Barrier Funtion of Piglet Intestine after Weaning. Research in Veterinary Science 95: 249-254.
Baba, T., K. K. Arai, I. Uchiyama, F. Takeuchi, T. Ito, and K. Hiramatsu. 2009. Complete Genome Sequence of Macrococcus caseolyticus Strain JSCS5402, Reflecting the Ancestral Genome of the Human-Pathogenic Staphylococci. Journal of Bacteriology, Feb.1180–1190.
Babu, U. S., K. Sommers, L. M. Harison and K. V. Balan. 2012. Effects of Fructooligosaccharide-Inulin on Salmonella-Killing and Inflammatory Gene Expression in Chicken Macrophages. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 149 (2012) 92-96.
Baele, M., L. A. Devriese and F. Haesebrouck. 2001. Lactobacillus agili is an Important Component of the Pigeon Microflora. Journal of Applied Microbiology 91: 488-491.
Baele, M., L. A. Devriese, P. Butaye and F. Haesebrouck. 2002. Composition of Enterococcal and Streptococcal Flora from Pigeon Intestines. Journal of Applied Microbiology 92: 348-351.
Baele, M., M. Vancanneyt, L. A. Devriese, K. Lefebvre, J. Swings and F. Haesebrouck. 2003. Lactobacillus ingluviei sp. nov., Isolated from The Intestinal Tract of Pigeons. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 133–136.
Berardis, B. D., G. Torresini, M. Brucchi, S. Marinelli, S. Mattucci, M. Schietroma, L. Vecchio and F. Carlei. 2004. Yersinia enterocolitica Intestinal Infection with Ileum Perforation: Report of a Clinical Observation. Acta Bio Medica Ateneo Parmense 75: 77-81.
Beylot, M. 2005. Effects of Inulin-type Fructans on Lipid Metabolism in Man and in Animal Models. British Journal of Nutrition 93(1): S163-S168.
Bezirtzoglou, E. 1997. The Intestinal Microflora during the First Weeks of Life. Anaerobe 3: 173-177.
Bharathi, L., K. B. Shenoy, and S. N. Hegde. 1997. Biochemical Differences between Crop Tissue and Crop Milk of Pigeons (Columba livia). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 116A (1): 51–55.
Bomba, A., R. Nemcova, S. Gancarcikova, R. Herich, P. Guba and D. Mudronova. 2002. Improvement of the Probiotic Effect of Micro-Organisms by Their Combination with Maltodextrins, Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. British Journal of Nutrition 88 (1): S95-S99.
Bonos, E., E. Christaki, A. Abrahim, N. Soultos and P. F. Paneri. 2011. The Influence of Mannan-Oligosaccharides, Acidifiers and Their Combination on Cecal Microflora of Japanese quail (Coturnic japonica). Anaerobe 17: 436-439.
Bradbury, M. W. 2006. Lipid Metabolism and Liver Inflammation I. Hepatic Fatty Acid Uptake: Possible Rolei Steatosis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol. 290: G194 –G198.
Carlini, A., R. Mattei, I. Lucarotti, A. Bartelloni and A. Rosati. 2011. Kocuria kristinae: an Unusual Cause of Acute Peritoneal Dialysis- Related Infection. Peritoneal Dialysis International 31(1): 105-107.
Casotti, G. 2001. Luminal Morphology of the Avian Lower Intestine: Evidence Supporting the Importance of Retrograde Peristalsis for Water Conservation. The Anatomical Record 263:289–296.
Ceuppens, S., M. Uyttendaele, S. Hamelink, N. Boon and T. V. Wiele. 2012. Inactivation of Bacillus Cereus Vegetative Cells by Gastric Acid and Bile during In Vitro Gastrointestinal Transit. Ceuppens et al. Gut Pathogens 4(11): 1-7.
Charalampopoulos, D and B. Rastall. 2009. Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology. Springer.
Chen, Y. C. and T. C. Chen. 2004. Mineral Utilization in Layers as Influenced by Dietary Oligofructose and Inulin. International Journal of Poultry Science 3 (7): 442-445.
Chen, S., Y. Wang, F. Chen, H. Yang, M. Gan and S. J. Zheng. 2007. A Highly Pathogenic Strain of Staphylococcus sciuri Caused Fatal Exudative Epidermitis in Piglets. Plos One January 1(e147): 1-6.
Chen, Y. C. , C. Nakthong and T. C, Chen. 2005. Improvement of Laying Hen Performance by Dietary Prebiotic Chicory Oligofructose and Inulin. International Journal of Poultry Science 4 (2): 103-108.
Chi, Z. M., T. Zhang, T. S. Cao, X. Y. Liu, W. Cui and C. H. Zhao. 2011. Biotechnological Potential of Inulin for Bioprocesses. Bioresource Technology 102: 4295-4303.
Constantiniu,S., A. Romaniuc, L. S. Iancu, R. Filimon, I. Tarasi. 2004. Cultural and Biochemical Characteristics of Acinetobacter spp. Strains Isolated from Hospital Units. The Journal of Preventive Medicine 12 (3-4): 35-42.
Corrigan, A., K. Horgan, N. Clipson and R. A. Murphy. 2012. Effect of Dietary Prebiotic (Mannan Oligosaccharide) Supplementation on the Caecal Bacterial Community Structure of Turkeys. Microb. Ecol. 64: 826-836.
Criscio, T. D., A. Fratianni, R. Mignogna, L. Cinquanta, R. Coppola , E. Sorrentino , and G. Panfili. 2010. Production of Functional Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Synbiotic Ice Creams. J. Dairy Sci. 93 :4555–4564.
Dakic, Morrison, Vukovic, Savic, Shittu, Jezek, Hauschild, and Stepanovic. 2005. Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus sciuri in the Hospital Environment. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2005, 43(6): 2782–2785.
Daubioul, C., N. Rousseau, R. Demeure, B. Gallez, H. Taper, B. Decklerk and N. Delzenne. 2002. Dietary Fructans, but not Cellulose, Decrease Triglyceride Accumulation in the Liver of Obese Zucker rats. J. Nutr 132: 967-973.
Delzeme, N. M., C. Daubioul, A. Neyrinck, M. Lasa and H. S. Taper. 2002. Inulin and Oligofructose Modulate Lipid Metabolism in Animals: Review of Biochemical Events and Future Prospects. British Journal of Nutrition 87(2): S255-S259.
Devriese, L.A., K. Ceyssens, U. M. Rodrigues and M. D. Collins. 1990. Enterococcus columbae, a Species from Pigeon Intestines. FEMS Microbiology Letters 59: 247-251.
Dizaji. B. R., S. Hejazi and A. Zakeri. 2012. Effects of Dietary Supplementations of Prebiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics and Acidifiers on Growth Performance and Organs Weight of Broiler Chicken. European Journal of Experimental Biology 2 (6): 2125-2129.
Dong, X. Y., Y. M. Wang, L. Dai, M. M. M. Azzam, C. Wang and X. T. Zou. 2012. Post hatch Development of Intestinal Morphology and Digestive Enzyme Activities in Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia). Poultry Science 91: 1886-1892.
Doran, T. I. 1999. The Role of Citrobacter in Clinical Disease of Children: Review. Clinical Infectious Diseases 28:384–394.
Eberhard, M., U. Hennig, S. Kuhla, R. M. Brunner, B. Klessen and C. C. Metges. 2007. Effect of Inulin Supplementation on Selected Gastric, Duodenal and Cecal Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acid Pattern in Growing Piglets. Archive of Animal Nutrition 61 (4): 235-246.
Elrayeh, A. S. and G. Yildiz. 2012. Effects of Inulin and β-glucan Supplementation in Broiler Diets on Growth Performance, Serum Cholesterol, Intestinal Length and Immune System. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 364 (4): 388-394.
Falaki, M., M. S. Shargh, B. Dastar, S. Zerehdaran and M. Khomairi. 2011. The Investigation of Intestinal Microflora and Growth Response of Young Broilers Given Feed Supplemented with Different Levels of Prebiotic and Probiotic. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10 (3): 385-390.
Fan, Y., Z. Jin, J. Tong, W. Li, M. Pasciak, A. Gamian, Z. Liu and Y. Huang. 2002. Rothia amarae sp. nov., from sludge of a foul water sewer. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 2257–2260.
Flickinger, E., J. V. Loo and G. C. Fahey. 2003. Nutritional Responses to the Presence of Inulin and Oligofructose in the Diets of Domesticated Animals: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 43(1): 19-60.
Forbes, N. A. 2002. Avian Gastrointestinal Surgery. Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 11(4): 196-207.
Frederiksen, W. 1990. Correct Names of the Species Citrobacter koseri, Levinea malonatica and Citrobacter diversus Request for an Opinion. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 40(1): 107-108.
Fringuelli, E., L. Urbanelli, O. Tharuni, P. C. Proietti, A. Bietta, I. Davidson and . P. Franciosini. 2010. Cloning and Expression of Pigeon IFN-γ Gene. Research in Veterinary Science 89 : 367-372.
Gaafar, A. M., M. F. Serag, E. A. Boudy and H. H. El-Gazar. 2010. Extraction Conditions of Inulin from Jerusalem Artichoke Tubers and its Effects on Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile in Diabetic Rats. Journal of American Science 6 (5): 36-43.
Ghiyasi, M., M. Rezaei and H. Sayyahzadeh. 2007. Effect of Prebiotic (Fermacto) in Low Protein Diet on Performance and Carcass Characteristic of Broiler Chicks. International Journal of Poultry Science 6 (9): 661-665.
Gibson, G. R. and M. B. Roberfroid. 1995. Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota; Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125: 1401-1412.
Gibson, G. R. 2004. Fibre and Effects on Probiotics (The Prebiotic Concept). Clin. Nutr. Suppl. 1(2): 25–31.
Gotz, F., T. Bannerman and K. H. Schleifer. 2006. The Genera Staphylococcus and Macrococcus. Prokaryotes 4: 5-75. Grasten, S., K. H. Liukkonen, A. Chevatidis, H. E. Nezami, K. Poutanen and H. Mykkanen. 2003. Effects of Wheat Pentosan and Inulin on the Metabolic Activity of Fecal Microbiota and on Bowel Function in Healthy Humans. Nutrition research 23(11) : 1503-1514.
Grimont, F. and A. A. D. Grimont. 2006. The Genus Enterobacter. Prokaryotes 6 : 197-214. Hajati, H. and M. Rezaei. 2010. The Application of Prebiotics in Poultry Production. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9: 298-304.
Hakanson, A., C. Branning, G. Molin, D. Adawi, M. L. Hagslatt, M. Nyman, B. Jeppsson and S. Ahrne. 2011. Colorectal Oncogenesis and Inflammation in a Rat Model Based on Chronic Inflammation due to Cycling DSS Treatments. Gastroenterology Research and Practice Volume 2011, Article ID 924945: 1-15.
Hara, C. M. O., A. G. Steigerwalt, B. C. Hill, J. J. Farmer, G. R. Fanning and D. J. Brener. 1989. Enterobacter hormaechei, a New Species of the Family Enterobacteriaceae Formerly Known as Enteric Group 75. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27(9): 2046-2049.
Haro, M. M., Taggart, M. A., Green, A. J. and Mateo, R. 2009. Avian Digestive Tract Simulation to Study the Effect of Grit Geochemistry and Food on Pb Shot Bioaccessibility. Environt. Sci. Technol. 43: 9480-9486.
He, G. Z., W. Y. Tian, S. X. Deng and C. W. An. 2011. Real Time Quantitative Detection for Enterococcus in the Gatrointestinal Tract of Pigeon after Orally Infected by Salmonella enteritidis. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10(15): 1981-1984.
Hena, S. A., M. L. Sonfada, A. Danmaigoro, A. Bello and A. A. Umar. 2012. Some Comparative Gross and Morphometrical Studies on the Gastrointestinal Tract in Pigeon (Columba livia) and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Scientific Journal of Veterinary Advances 1(2): 55-64.
Hayashi, T., Y. Hiromoto, K. Chaichoune, T. Patchimasiri, W. Chakritbudsabong, N. Prayoonwong, N. Chaisilp, W. Wiriyarat, S. Parchariyanon, P. Ratanakorn,Y. Uchida and T. Saito. 2011. Host Cytokine Responses of Pigeon Infected with Highly Pathogenic Thai Avian Influenza Viruses of Subtype H5N1 Isolated from Wild Birds. Plos One 6(8) e23103: 1-13.
Hegenova, H. T., R. Stepankova, T. Hudcovic, L. Tuckova, B. Cukrowska, R. L. Zadnikova, H. Kozakova, P. Rossmann, J. Bartova, D. Sokol, D. P. Funda, D. Borovska, Z. Rehakova, J. Sinkora, J. Hofman, P. Drastich and A. Kokesova. 2004. Commensal Bacteria (Normal Microflora), Mucosal Immunity and Chronic Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Immunology Letters 93: 97–108.
Hijova, E. and A. Chmelarova. 2007. Short Chain Fatty Acids and Colonic Health. British Lek Listy 108 (8): 354-358.
Hipolito, C. N., O. C. Zarrabal, R. M. Kamaldin, L. T. Yee, S. Lihan, K. B. Bujang and Y. Nitta. 2012. Lactic Acid Production by Enteroccocus faecium in Liquefied Sago Starch. Springer Open Journal AMB Epress 2(53): 1-9.
Hoffman, H. and A. Roggenkamp. 2003. Population Genetics of the Nomenspecies Enterobacter cloacae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69(9): 5306-5318.
Immersel, F. V., V. Fievez, J. D. Buck, F. Pasmans, A. Martel, F. Haesebrouck and R. Ducatelle. 2004. Microencapsulated Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Feed Modify Colonization and Invasion Early After Infection with Salmonella Enteritidis in Young Chickens. Poultry Science 83: 69-74.
Janssens, G. P. J., S. Millet, F. V. Immerseel, J. D. Buck and M. Hesta. 2004. The Impact of Prebiotics and Salmonellosis on Apparent Nutrient Digestibility and Salmonella Typhimurium Var. Copenhagen Excretion in Adult Pigeons (Columba Livia Domestica). Poultry Science 83: 1884-1890.
Jardine, S. 2009, Prebiotics and Prebiotics. Wiley-Blackwell. United Kingdom.
Klasing, K. C. 1999. Avian Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology. Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 8(2): 42-50.
Kim. G. B., Y. M. Seo, C. H. Kim and I. K. Paik. 20122. Effect of Dietary Prebiotic Supplementation on the Performance, Intestinal Microflora and Immune Response of Broilers. Poultry Science 90: 75-82.
Kim, S. B., O. I. Nedashkovskaya, V. V. Mikhailov, S. K. Han, K.O. Kim, M. S. Rhee and K. S. Bae. 2004. Kocuria marina sp. nov., a Novel Actinobacterium Isolated from Marine Sediment. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54: 1617–1620.
Ko, K. S., M. Y. Lee, Y. K. Park, K. R. Peck and J. H. Song. 2009. Molecular Identification of Clinical Rothia Isolates from Human Patients: Proposal of a Novel Rothia Species, Rothia arfidiae sp. nov. Journal of Bacteriology and Virology 39(3): 159-164.
Kolida, S., K. Tuohy and G. R. Gibson. 2002. Prebiotic Effects of Inulin and Oligofructose. British Journal of Nutrition 87(2): S193-S197.
Korver, D. R. 2012. Implications of Changing Immune Function Through Nutrition in Poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology 173: 54-64.
Li, S. P., X. J. Zhao and J. Y. Wang. 2009. Synergy of Astragalus Polysaccharides and Probiotics (Lactobacillus and Bacillus cereus) on Immunity and Intestinal Microbiota in Chicks. Poultry Science 88: 519-525.
Lim, C. H., R. A. Rahim, Y. W. Ho, and B. A. Arbikariya. 2007. Optimization of Growth medium for Efficient Cultivation of Lactobacillus salivarius i 24 using Response Surface Method. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 3(2): 41-47.
Ling, W. H. 1995. Diet and Colonic Microflora Interaction in Colorectal Cancer. Nutrition Research 15(3): 439-454.
Liukkonenb, K. H., A. Chevatidisa, H. E. Nezamia, K. Poutanenb, H. Mykkanena. 2003. Effects of Wheat Pentosan and Inulin on the Metabolic Activity of Fecal Microbiota and on Bowel Function in Healthy Humans. Nutrition Research 23: 1503–1514.
Lu, J., U. Idris, B. Harmon, C. Hofacre, J. J. Maurer and M. D. Lee. 2003. Diversity and Succession of the Intestinal Bacterial Community of the Maturing Broiler Chicken. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 (11): 6816.
Malek, R. A., S. Hamdan, H. A. E. Enshasy, N. Z. Othman, N. A. Zainol, M. R. Sarmidi and A. A. Ramlan. 2010. Production of Lactobacillus salivarius, a New Probiotic Strain Isolated from Human Breast Milk, in Semi-Industrial Scale and Studies on Its Functional Characterization. Current research, technology and education topicss in applied microbiology and microbial biotechnology, Vol. 2010: 1196-1204
Meyer, D., S. Bayarri, A. Tarrega and E. Costell. 2011. Inulin as Texture Modifier in Dairy Products. Food Hydrocolloids 25: 1881-1890.
Molina, D. L., M. D. N. Martinez, F. R. Melgarejo, A. N. P. Hiner, S. Chazarra and J. N. R. Lopez. 2005. Molecular Properties and Prebiotic Effect of Inulin Obtained from Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Phytochemistry 66 (2005) 1476–1484.
Nabizadeh, A. 2012. The Effect of Inulin on Broiler Chicken Intestinal Microflora, Gut Morphology and Performance. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 21(2012): 725-734.
Nabizadeh, A., O. Gevorkyan and A. Golian. 2012. Effect of Inulin on Some Hematological, Immunological Parameters and Broiler Chickens Performance. Journal of Animal and Veterinaary Advances 11(18): 3304-3311.
O’hara,C. M., S. B. Roman and J. M. Miller. 1995. Ability of Commercial Identification Systems To Identify Newly Recognized Species of Citrobacter. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33(1): 242–245.
Oh, P. S. and P. B. Sung. 2011. Effect of Dietary Microencapsulated-Inulin on Carcass Characteristics and Growth Performance in Broiler Chickens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10(10): 142-1349.
Oliveira, R. P., P. Perego, M. N. Oliveiraa and A. Converti. 2011. Effect of Inulin as Prebiotic and Synbiotic Interactions between Probiotics to Improve Fermented Milk Firmness. Journal of Food Engineering 107: 36–40. Ortuno, M. A., C. Urban, J. J. Ceron, F. Tecles, A. Allende, F. A. T. Barberan and J. C. Espin. 2009. Effect of Low Inulin Doses with Different Polymerisation Degree on Lipid Metabolism, Mineral Absorption, and Intestinal Microbiota in Rats with Fat-Supplemented Diet. Food Chemistry 113(4): 1058-1065.
Overbergb, L., A. Giulietti, D. Valckx, B. Decallone, R. Bouillon and C. Mathieu. 2003. The Use of Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR for the Quantification of Cytokine Gene Expression. Journal of Biomolecular Techniques 14(I): 33-43.
Pedersen, C. and S. Roos. 2004. Lactobacillus saerimneri sp. nov., Isolated from Pig Feces. International Journal of Systemic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54: 1365-1368.
Raue, R. V. Schmidt, M. Freick, B. Reinhardt, R. Johne, L. Kamphausen, E. F. Kaleta, H. Muller and M. E. K. Junghanns. 2005. A Disease Complex Associated with Pigeon Circovirus Infection, Young Pigeon Disease Syndrome. Avian Pathology 34(5): 418-425.
Rebole, A., L. T. Ortiz, M. L. Rodriguez, C. Alzueta, J. Trevino and S. Velasco. 2010. Effects of Inulin anad Enzyme Complex, Individually or in Combination on Growth Performance, Intestinal Microflora, Ceca Fermentation Characteristic and Jejunal Histomorphology in Broiler Chickens Fed a Wheat and Barley –Based Diet. Poultry Science 89: 276-286.
Rehman, H., P. Hellweg, D. Taras and J. Zentek. 2008. Effects of Dietary Inulin on the Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and Microbial Ecology in Broiler Chickens as Revealed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Poultry Science 87: 783-789.
Ruberfroid, M. B., J. A. E. van Loo and G. R. Gibson. 1998. The Bifidiogenic Nature of Inulin and Its Hydrolysis Product. Journal of Nutrition 128: 11-19.
Roberfroid, M. B. 2000. An European Consensus of Scientific Concepts of Functional Foods. Nutrition, 16: 689–691.
Rollins, S. E., S. M. Rollins and E. T. Ryan. 2003. Yersinia pestis and The Plague. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 119(1):S78-S85.
Rybicka, K. K. 1996. Glycosomes the Organelles of Glycogen Metabolism. Tissue and Cell 28(3): 253-265.
Saminathan, M., C. C. Sieo, R. Kalavathy, N. Abdullah and Y. W. Ho. 2011. Effect of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides on Growth of Lactobacillus strains used as a Probiotic for Chickens. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5(1): 57-64.
Saunier, K. and J. Dore. 2002. Gastrointestinal Tract and the Elder Gut Microflora and Healthy Ageing. Digest. Liver Dis. 34(2): S19-24.
Seifert, S. and B. Watzl. 2007. Inulin and Oligofructose: Review of Experimental Data on Immune Modulation. The Journal of Nutrition 137: 2563S-2567S.
Shetty, S., K. R. Sridar, K. B. Shenoy and H. N. Hedge. 1990. Observations on Bacteria Associated with the Pigeon Crop. Folia Microbiologica 35: 240-244.
Siro, I., E. Kapolna, B. Kapolna and A. Lugasi. 2008. Functional Food. Product Development, Marketing and Consumer Acceptance - A Review. Appetite 51: 456–467.
Tallent, S. M. K. M. Kotewicz. E. A. Stain and R. W. Bennett. 2012. Efficient Isolation and Identification of Bacillus cereus Group. Journal of AOAC International 95(2): 446-451.
Tako, E and R. P. Glahn. 2012. Intra-Amniotic Administration and Dietary Inulin Affect the Iron Status and Intestinal Functionality of Iron-Deficient Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science 91: 1361-1370.
Taylor, M. And Murray, J. 1999. Endoscopic Examination and Therapy of the Avian Gastrointestinal Tract. Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Vol. 8 No. 3 pp: 110-114.Thomas, D. H. 1997. The Ecophysiological Role of the Avian Lower Gastrointestinal Tract. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 118A(2): 247-255.
Thomas, D. H. 1997. The Ecophysiological Role of the Avian Lower Gastrointestinal Tract. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 118A(2): 247-255.
Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H., R. Stepankova, T. Hudcovic, L. Tuckova, B. Cukrowska, R. Lodinova-Zadnikova, H. Kozakova, P. Rossmann, J. Bartova, D. Sokol, D. P. Funda, D. Borovska, Z. Rehakova, J. Sinkora, J. Hofman, P. Drastich and A. Kokesova. 2004. Commensal Bacteria (Normal Microflora), Mucosal Immunity and Chronic Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Immunol Lett 93:97–108.
Toghyani, M., M. Toghyani and A. A. Tabeidian. 2011. Effect of Probiotic and Prebiotic as Antibiotic Growth Promoter Substitutions on Productive and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chicks. International Conference on Food Engineering Biotechnology 9: 82-86.
Tsai, Y. J. 2006. Prevalence of Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Pigeons (Columba livia) in Taiwan. Journal of Parasitology 92(4): 871-871.
Tsai, S. S., J. C. Huang, S. T. Chen, J. H. Sun, C. C. Wang, S. F. Lin, B. R. Hsu, J. D Lin, S. Y. Huang and Y. Y. Huang. 2010. Characteristic of Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia in Community-Acquired and Nosocomial Infection in Diabetic Patients. Chang Gung Med. J. 33 (5): 532-538.
Vaccher, S., R. Cordiali and P. Osimani. 2007. Bacteremia Caused by Rothia mucilaginosa in a Patient with Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome. Infection 35: 209-210.
Villegas, B. and E. Costell. 2007. Influence of Inulin Average Chain Length and of Milk Fat Content. International Dairy Journal 17: 776–781.
Vos, P. A.; Haarman, M.; Buco, A.; Govers, M.; Knol, J.; Garssen, J.; Stahle, B.; Boehm, G. and M’Rabet, L. (2006). A specific prebiotic oligosaccharide mixture stimulates delayedtype hyper sensitivity in murine influenza vaccination model. International Immuno-Pharmacology, 6: 1277 – 1286.
Watzl, B., S. Girrbach and M. Roller. 2005. Inulin, Oligofructose and Immunomodulation. British Journal of Nutrition 93 (I): SS49-S55.
Westfall, B. B. and E. M. Landis. 1936. The Molecular Weight of Inulin. J. Biol. Chem. 116: 727-734.
Yang, Y., P. A. Iji and M. Choct. 2009. Dietary Modulation of Gut Microflora in Broiler Chickens : a Review of the Role of Six Kinds of Alternatives to In-feed Antibiotics. World’s Poultry Science Journal 65: 97-114.
Younes, H., C. Coudray, J. Bellanger, C. Demigne, Y. Rayssiguier and C. Remesy. 2001. Effects of Two Fermentable Carbohydrates (Inulin and Resistant Starch) and Their Combination on Calcium and Magnesium Balance in Rats. British Journal of Nutrition, 86: 479–485.
Zhang, J., J. Liu, L. Li and W. Xia. 2008. Dietary Chitosan Improves Hypercholesterolemia in Rats Fed High-Fat Diets. Nutrient Research 28: 383-390.