臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

此篇論文探討台灣所舉辦的國際賽事中的語言管理,藉由訪談三項賽事(1)四大洲花式滑冰賽(2)世運(3)自由車環台賽 中的二十多位志工及管理者,了解語言管理的以下幾個面向(1)管理者在賽事中針對志工語言管理的策略,方法及執行 (2)管理者在其中遇到的困難 (3)志工們對於賽事中的語言管理的感受(4)志工們如何解決在賽事中所遇到的語言障礙. 語言管理為一新興領域,此篇論文提供政府及各方機關此領域中更多的資訊,以協助未來在各項活動中語言管理能更順利進行.

This research aimed to explore language management in volunteer management of international sport events in Taiwan. From two angles of volunteers and organizers, this study explored the execution of language issues in volunteer management. As an exploratory study, the qualitative methods were adopted with exploring the three international sport events: 2009 World Games, 2011 International Skating Union (ISU) Four Continents Figure Skating Championships and 2011 Tour de Taiwan (International Bicycle Tour Championship in Taiwan). The finding was as following. As for the policies and strategies of organizers, the standards of language abilities, resources of language volunteers and training courses were presented. As for the difficulties of organizers, they indicated concepts about the affairs of schools; the necessity of interview; the limited opportunities for volunteers; the limited human resource in sport associations and the unpredictable situations in implementation. As for the experiences of volunteers, they indicated the concepts about the simple language ability selection; the different language ability selection in schools; the necessity of interview; technical and functional help from training; the argument of language training and the necessity of understanding about cultures in advance. As for the verbal language barriers in communication of volunteers, there are technical term, accent and other languages. As for the silent language barriers, there are the barriers about international etiquette in reception; jokes in conversation; diet and religion. In the end, there are recommendations to volunteers, organizers, government, education institute, future research and the Educational Testing Service, ETS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract I
Table of Contents II
List of Tables IV
List of Figures V
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Purposes and Questions of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 5
Definition of Terms 7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 9
Language Management 9
Intercultural Communication 14
The Volunteer Management of International Sport Events 18
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS 25
The Three Cases 25
Research Framework 29
Population and Samples 31
Data Collection 37
Data Analysis 39
Research Quality 41
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 43
The Management of Language Issues of Organizers 45
The Difficulties and Feedback of Language Management of Organizers 53
The Experiences of Language Management of Volunteers 57 
The Language Barriers in Communication of Volunteers 64
Discussions……………………………………………………………………..70
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 75
Conclusions 75
Recommendations 77
REFERENCES 83
APPENDIX A: The 1st ROUND INTERVIEW QUESTIONS I ..87
APPENDIX B: The 1st ROUND INTERVIEW QUESTIONS II ..90
APPENDIX C: The 1st ROUND INTERVIEW QUESTIONS III ..92
APPENDIX D: The 2nd ROUND INTERVIEW QUESTIONS I . 94
APPENDIX E: The 2nd ROUND INTERVIEW QUESTIONS II . 98
APPENDIX F: PROCESS of DATA ANALYIS……………………….101
APPENDIX G: The TASKS Of VOLUNTEERS In TOUR DE
TAIWAN……………………………………………………………….103
APPENDIX H: The TASKS Of VOLUNTEERS In ISU
FIGURE SKATING CHAMPIONSHIPS……………………………..106
APPENDIX I: VOLUNTEERS TRAINING SCHEDULE In 2009
WORLD GAMES …………….……………………………….………108

REFERENCES
Brubaker, R. (2002). Ethnicity without groups. European Journal of Sociology, 43(2), 163-189.
Blommaert, J. (2003). Commentary: a sociolinguistics of globalization. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7(4), 607-23.
Beamer, L., &; Varner, I. (2001). Intercultural communication in global workplace.
Brannen, M.Y. (2004). When Mickey loses face: recontextualization, semantic fit, and the semiotics of foreignness. Academy of Management Review, 29(4), 593–616.
Billis, D. &; Harris, M. (1996). Voluntary Agencies：Challenges of Organization and
Management. London：Macmillan Press LED.
Charles, M., &; Marschan-Piekkari R. (2002). Language Training for Enhanced Horizontal Communication: A Challenge for MNC. Business Communication Quarterly, 65(2), 9-29.
Chiang, J.C., &; Huang, F.C. (2006). Exploring City Competitiveness Index under Globalization. Bimonthly of Research development and evaluation commission, 30(5) 27-41. [text in Chinese]
Chaney, L., &; Martin. J. (2007). Intercultural business communication. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Chen, Y. C. (2010). Sport event volunteer motivation and commitment. Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No.3415072)
Cheng, L. L. &; Kuo C. T. (2010). A Training Model for Sporting Event Volunteers. Sports Research Review, 110, 15-22. [text in Chinese]
Cheng, L. L., &; Kuo, C. T. (2010). The research on recruitment sources and service behaviors of volunteers in 2009 Taipei Deaflympics. Jia Da Ti Yu Jian Kang Xiu Xian Qi Kan, 9(3), 66-76. [text in Chinese]
Chen, S. M. (2010). Social science: the qualitative research. Taipei: 1 Wu-Nan Book Inc.
[text in Chinese]
Chaudhry, S. &; Crick, D. (2008). An exploratory investigation into the practices of "leading" Asian entrepreneurs in the UK. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 21(3).
Dhir, K.S. (2005). The value of language: concept, perspectives, and policies.
Corporate Communications: An international Journal, 10(4) 358- 382. doi: 10.1108/13563280510630151
Dhir, K.S. and Savage, T. (2002). The Value of a Working Language. International Journal of the Sociology of language, 158, 1-35.
Dhir, K.S., &; Abíódún, G. P. (2002). The case for language policies in multinational corporations. Corporate Communication: An International Journal, 7(4), 241-251. doi: 10.1108/13563280210449822
Duranti, A. (1997). Linguistic Anthopology. Cambrige: Cambrige University Press.
Duranti, A., &; Goodwin, C. (1992) (edx.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambrige: Cambrige University Press.
Edward T Hall, The Hidden Dimension, (New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday,1966).
Feely, A. J., &; Harzing, A. W. (2003). Language Management in Multinational Companies. Cross Cultural Management, 10(2), 37-52. doi: 10.1108/13527600310797586
Fisher, J. C., &; Cole, K. M. (1993). Leadership and management of volunteer programs: A guide for volunteer administrators. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Fredriksson R., Wilhelm B.R.&; Piekkari R. (2006). The multinational corporation as a multilingual organization: The notion of a common corporate language. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 11(4), 406-423.
doi:10.1108/13563280610713879
Gumperz, J. (1972). The speech community. In P. Giglioli (Ed.), Language and social context, (pp.219-31). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Goldblatt, J. (2002). Special events, 4th Edition. Chichester: John Wiley &;Sons.
Hsu, H.F., Li T. H., &; Chen, C. C. (2009). Qualitative research on exploration of motivation and leisure involvement in international volunteers. Journal of Sport and Recreation Research, 3(4), 15-34. [text in Chinese]
Huseyin, K., Argan, M. T., &; Metin, A. (2011). Special event management and event marketing: a case study of TKBL all star 2011 in Turkey. Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 8,1-11.
Huang, S. F., &; Tsai, T. J. (2009). Social Capital Orientated Health City Development– The Volunteer Program for 2009 Kaohsiung World Games. 2009 Southern Taiwan Social development academic conference
Jenkins, R. (2000). Categorization: identity, social process and epistemology. Current Sociology, 48(3), 7-25.
Jandt, F. E. (2004). An introduction to intercultural communication. London: SAGE Publications, Inc.
John, R., Ietto-Gillies, G., Cox, H., &; Grimwade, N. (1997). Global Business Strategy. London: International Thomson Press.
Kemp, S. (2002). The hidden workforce: Volunteers' learning in the Olympics, Journal of European Industrial Training, 26.2-4, 109-116.
Kan, Y. C. (2008). Sporting event to recruitment volunteers study-- 2009 Deaflympics in Taipei sport volunteer operation as an example. Journal of Physical Education Fu Jen Catholic University, 7, 183-196. [text in Chinese]
Luo, Y., &; Shenkar, O. (2006). The multinational corporation as a multilingual community: Language and organization in a global context. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 321–339. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.840019
Lu, C. H. (2002). Reflection and Insight on Reflection and Volunteer Law in Taiwan: Perspectives on Citizen Participation and Civil Society. NTU Social Work Review, 7, 203-241. [text in Chinese]
Lester, T. (1994). Pulling down the language barrier. international management, 42-22
Lu, C. (2003). The training and management of volunteers in sport events. Quarterly of National Sport,139, 41-49.[text in Chinese ]
Lin H. L. (2009). The moment of 2009 Deaflympics because of your participation. Taipei Reading, 501, 13-17. [text in Chinese]
Lagerström K. &; Andersson M. (2003). Creating and sharing knowledge within a transnational team—the development of a global business system. Journal of World Business, 38, 84–95
Lincoln, Y. S. &; Guba E. E. (1986). Research, evaluation, and policy analysis: heuristics for disciplined inquiry. Review of policy research, 5(3), 546–565. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00429.x
Morgan, M. (2004). Speech community. In A. Duranti (Ed.), A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology (pp. 3-22). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Marshall, C.&; Rossman, G. B. (2006). Designing qualitative research,(4th ed). Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Norman, K. D., &; Lincoln, Y. S. (1998). Collecting and interpreting qualitative material. Sage Publications
Pauline, G., &; Pauline, J.S. (2009). Volunteer motivation and demographic influences at a professional tennis event. Team Performance Management, 15(3), 172-184.
Phillips, N., Lawrence, T. B., &; Hardy, C. (2004). Discourse and institutions. Academy of Management Review, 29(4), 635–652.
Perterson, B. (2004). Cultural intelligence: A guide to working with people from other cultures. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Spolsky, B. (2004). Language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Siemens speaks several languages – despite what the management says. (2007).
Human Resource Management International Digest, 15(6) 16-17.
doi: 10.1108/09670730710820154
Spinks, N., &; Wells, B. (1997). Intercultural Communication: A key element in global strategies. Career Development International, 2(6), 287-292.
Silvers, JR. (2004). Professional Event Coordination. New Jersey: John Wiley &;Sons Inc.
Tange, H., &; Lauring J. (2009). Language management and social interaction within the multilingual workplace, Corporate Communications: An international Journal, 13(3), 218-232. doi: 10.1108/13632540910976671
Tange, H. (2009). Language workers and the practice of language management. Corporate Communications: An international Journal, 14(2), 131-143. doi:10.1108/13563280910953825
Tassiopoulos, D. (2005). Event Management: A Professional and Developmental Approach,
2nd Ed. Lansdowne: Juta Academic.
Von Glinow, M. A., Shapiro, D., &; Brett, J. M. (2004). Can we talk, and should we? Managing emotional conflict in multicultural teams. Academy of Management Review, 29(4), 578–592.
Welch, C. &; Piekkari, R. (2006). Crossing Language Boundaries: Qualitative interviewing in international business. Management international review(mir),46(4) , 417- 437.
Wu, H. C. (2005). A study of motivation and consideration criteria for sport volunteers among college students in Taiwan, Physical Education Journal, 38(4), 93-107. [text in Chinese]
Yen R. S. (2010). Increasing competiveness of nations with the English soft power: the records of English power and competiveness of nations conference. Bimonthly of Research development and evaluation commission, 34(1), 100-102. [text in Chinese]
Yin, R. K. (1993). Case study research: design and methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
United Nations Volunteers. Retrieved from http://www.unv.org/
2009 World Game. Retrieved from http://www.worldgames2009.tw/wg2009/eng/index.php
2011 ISU Four Continents Figure Skating Championships. Retrieved from http://www.figureskating.com.tw/2011FCC/eng/skate_e_tickets.php
2011 Tour de Taiwan. Retrieved from http://tourdetaiwan.org.tw/cycling/TourdeTaiwan2012_eng/index.php