臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

華語是一種有聲調的語言，不同聲調在音高、音長…等皆有獨特性，會因不同情境而改變。以往對於華語聲調都僅止於在語音聲學的研究，較少有以說話動作型態作為了解聲調特性的方法。本研究以運動控制的觀點檢視華語的聲調表現，以動力系統理論的方法來解釋不同聲調在不同情境下的動作型態。8名華語(台灣地區)為母語的成年人，以不同速度類說話的方式，說雙字詞句子(工作一)與非雙字詞句子(工作二)，並擷取下唇垂直方向的開、闔口位移與時間進行資料分析，以二因子重複量數變異數分析檢驗四種聲調在開闔口與聲調間的關係。結果顯示四種聲調沒有差別，但聲調在開闔口表現上有差異，聲調會因為不同的說話情境而改變動作型態。華語聲調確實會因為在句中有不同的角色，而有不同的動作型態。

The tones in spoken Mandarin provide an extra element to distinguish words in addition to the syllables. Speech production involves a major part of controlling the motor system to perform the appropriate tone-syllable combinations. However, there has been little research on the Mandarin tone variations from the motor control perspective. The purpose of the study was to examine the kinematic characteristics of different tones under different situations. Eight Taiwanese male Mandarin native speakers participated in the experiment. The first task was to perform the disyllabic words with all 16 possible bi-tonal combinations of the four lexical tones of Mandarin. One of the 16 possible bi-tonal combinations of the 4 tones was used and repeated for 5 times to construct the meaningful sentence. Another task was to perform 4meaningful sentences constructed with words of irregular number of syllables. The kinematics data of the lower lip movement were captured and digitized for analyses. The amplitude and the duration of the opening and closing gestures were examined using 2 way repeated measures ANOVA.The results show that the four tones of Taiwanese Mandarin do not behaved differently in spoken sentences. However, they do have different performance on opening and closing gestures. The context dependent tonal characteristics were observed in the motor performance of the spoken disyllabic words. Using the speech-like task to investigate the feature of language provides further understanding of the influence of the tonal contexts in Mandarin speech production.

摘要 I
致謝詞 III
圖次 4
表次 5
第壹章緒論 8
第一節 研究背景 9
第二節 研究目的 10
第三節 研究問題 10
第四節 研究假設 10
第五節 研究範圍與限制 10
第六節 名詞操作型定義 11
第七節 研究重要性 12
第貳章文獻探討 12
第一節 運動控制 13
第二節 運動控制之相關理論 15
第三節 以動力系統理論的架構探討說話行為 21
(一) KELSO, J.A.S., VATIKIOTIS‐BATESON, E., SALTZMAN, E.L., &; KAY, B.
(1985). A QUALITATIVE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF REITERANT SPEECH
PRODUCTION: PHASE PORTRAITS, KINEMATICS, AND DYNAMIC MODELING 21
(二) VATIKIOTIS-BATESON, E., &; KELSO, J.A.S. (1993). RHYTHM TYPE
AND ARTICULATORY DYNAMICS IN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND JAPANESE. 23
第四節 說話速度對說話行為的影響 25
第五節 華語四種聲調在聲學上的特性 26
第六節 文獻總結 27
第參章研究方法 29
第一節 前導實驗 29
第二節 正式實驗 38
一、實驗參與者 38
二、實驗工具 38
三、實驗工作 39
第肆章結果 45
第一節雙字詞的四種聲調之運動學表現 45
第二節雙字詞不同聲調組合的運動學表現 56
第三節非雙字詞四種聲調運動學表現之異同 72
3
第四節非雙字詞不同聲調組合的運動學表現 77
第伍章討論 94
第一節華語四種聲調的動作表現 94
第二節同聲調的雙字詞動作表現 96
第三節不同聲調組合對聲調運動表現的影響 98
第四節結論與建議 99
參考文獻 101
附錄一、資料敘述統計值 107

王衍超(2009)。不同層級排球選手接發球準確性,啟動時間,動作時間之探討。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
王國連(2005)。以動態光點提供動作協調型態之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
吳宗濟(1992)。<<現代漢語語音槪要>>。北京：華語敎學出版社。
李梅華(2004)。不同工作限制對嬰幼兒抓握能力之探討。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
蔡茜伃(2012)。 以中文為外語學習者之聲調表現研究。未出版碩士論文，成功大學，台南市。
廖庭儀(2002)。自然回饋強度對運動技能學習曲線結構之影響。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
鄭靜宜(2003)。腦性麻痺說話者的國語聲調基本頻率 (F0) 型態與特性: 特殊教育與復健學報，11，29-54。
鄭靜宜(2005)。不同言語速度，發語單位和發語位置對國語音段時長的影響 南大學報，人文與社會類，39，161-185。

Abraham, RH, &; Shaw, CD. (1992). Dynamics–The Theory of Behavior:Addison-Wesley, Redwood (Ca).
Adams, J.A. (1971). A closed-loop theory of motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior; Journal of Motor Behavior,3,111-149.
Beckman, M.E. (1986). Stress and non-stress accent (Vol. 7): Foris Publications USA.
Chen, Y. (2006). Durational adjustment under corrective focus in Standard Chinese. Journal of Phonetics, 34(2), 176-201.
Chomsky, N., &; Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English.
Gelʹfand, I.M. (1971). Models of the structural-functional organization of certain biological systems: MIT Press.
Gibson, J.J. (1959). Perception as a function of stimulation. Psychology: A study of a science, 1, 456-501.
Gibson, J.J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Gibson, J.J. (1961). Ecological optics. Vision research, 1(3), 253-262.
Kelso, J.A.S &; Schöner, G (1988). Self-organization of coordinative movement patterns. Human Movement Science, 7(1), 27-46.
Kelso, J.A.S., Vatikiotis‐Bateson, E., Saltzman, E.L., &; Kay, B. (1985). A qualitative dynamic analysis of reiterant speech production: Phase portraits, kinematics, and dynamic modeling. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 77, 266.
Liberman, M.Y., &; Streeter, L.A. (1978). Use of nonsense‐syllable mimicry in the study of prosodic phenomena. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 63(1), 231-233.
Magill,R.A. (1998). The measurement of motor performance is critical to understanding motor learning. Motor Learning Concepts and Applications. 5th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 17-20.
McLuhan, M., &; Fiore, Q. (1967). The medium is the message. New York, 123, 126-128.
Newell, K.M. (1985). Coordination, control and skill. Advances in Psychology, 27, 295-317.
Newell, K.M. (1986). Constraints on the development of coordination. Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control, 34, 341-360.
Newell, K.M., Liu, Y.T., &; Mayer-Kress, G. (2001). Time scales in motor learning and development. Psychological review, 108(1), 57.
Ostry, D.J., Keller, E., &; Parush, A. (1983). Similarities in the control of the speech articulators and the limbs: Kinematics of tongue dorsum movement in speech. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9(4), 622.
Saltzman, E. L. (1987). Task dynamic coordination of the speech articulators: A preliminary model. Experimental Brain Research,15, 129-144.
Saltzman, E.L. &; Munhall, K.G. (1989). A dynamical approach to gestural patterning in speech production. Ecological Psychology, 1(4), 333-382.
Schmidt, R.A. (1975). A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological review, 82(4), 225.
Schmidt, R.A, &; Wrisberg, CA. (2000). Motor learning and performance: A problem-based learning approach(2nd Ed). Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics.
Speer, S.R., Shih, C.L., &; Slowiaczek, M.L. (1989). Prosodic structure in language understanding: evidence from tone sandhi in Mandarin. Language and Speech, 32(4), 337-354.
Stetson, R.H. (1951). Motor phonetics; a study of speech movements in action.
Stoffregen, T.A. (2000). Affordances and events. Ecological Psychology, 12(1), 1-28.
Tuller, B., Nguyen, N., Lancia, L., &; Vallabha, G. (2011). Nonlinear Dynamics in Speech Perception. Nonlinear Dynamics in Human Behavior, 135-150.
Vatikiotis-Bateson, E., &; Kelso, J.A.S. (1993). Rhythm type and articulatory dynamics in English, French and Japanese. Journal of Phonetics, 21(3), 231-265.
Wang, Y., Spence, M.M., Jongman, A., &; Sereno, J.A. (1999). Training American listeners to perceive Mandarin tones. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(6), 3649-3658.
Wise, S.P., &; Shadmehr, R. (2002). Motor control. Encyclopedia of the human brain, 3, 137-157.
Wu, C., &; Shih, C. (2010). Articulatory Effort in Different Speaking Rates. Paper presented at the Speech Prosody 2010-Fifth International Conference.
Xu, Y. (1994). Asymmetry in contextual tonal variation in Mandarin. Ad ances in the study of Chinese language processing, 1, 383-396.
Xu, Yi. (1997). Contextual tonal variations in Mandarin. Journal of Phonetics, 25(1), 61-83.
Xu, Y. (1999). Effects of tone and focus on the formation and alignment of f< sub> 0 contours. Journal of Phonetics, 27(1), 55-105.
Xu, Y. (2005). Speech melody as articulatorily implemented communicative functions. Speech Communication, 46(3), 220-251.
Xu, Yi, &; Wang, Maolin. (2009). Organizing syllables into groups—Evidence from F< sub> 0 and duration patterns in Mandarin. Journal of phonetics, 37(4), 502-520.