本研究之目的探討於不換水養殖下，何種密度之白蝦所產生之氮化物可供何種密度之石蓴成長，及何種密度之石蓴能淨化何種密度之白蝦所產生之氮化物，以及如何有效使氮化物於白蝦與石蓴間達成平衡，甚至於何種密度之白蝦與石蓴下，能使水質與其成長達最佳化為此研究所探討之重點。
本試驗設計五組試驗，模擬石蓴於不換水養殖對白蝦之水質淨化能力，分別為：試驗一、探討不同白蝦密度於不換水養殖之產氨率；試驗二、探討不同石蓴密度對無機氮之淨化能力；試驗三、探討不同石蓴密度對不同殘餌量之淨化能力；試驗四、探討不同石蓴密度對不同養蝦廢水濃度之淨化能力；試驗五、探討不同石蓴與白蝦密度於不換水養殖對氮化物之影響。
白蝦密度為1、5、10尾 ( 平均重為5.00±0.01 g )，水體容積為10 L。S1、S5與S10處理組於一週後，TAN濃度從0.01、0.01、0.01 mg L-1，分別上升至1.18、8.82與17.86 mg L-1。白蝦密度於0.5、2.5與5 g L-1，產氨率為0.03、0.05與0.05 mg L-1 g-1 D-1。
石蓴密度為1、5、10、15 g，無機氮試水之TAN濃度為0、1、5、10 mg L-1，水體容積為10 L。U1、U5、U10與U15於一週後，TAN從4.45、4.44、4.38與4.51 mg L-1，分別下降至2.99、1.63、0.91與0.39 mg L-1。石蓴密度於0.1、0.5、1.5與1 g L-1，對無機氮試水之TAN降低率為2.21、4.01、4.95與5.89 % D-1。
石蓴密度為0、2、4、8 g，殘餌量為0.5、1、5、10 g，水體容積為10 L。F0.5、F1、F5與F10於一週後，TAN濃度從0.15、0.15、0.15與0.15 mg L-1，分別上升至1.64、2.08、4.10與5.52 mg L-1。殘餌量在0.05、0.1、0.5與1 g L-1，產氨率為0.21、0.28、0.56與0.77 mg L-1 g-1 D-1。U2、U4與U8於一週後，TAN濃度從0.15、0.15與0.15 mg L-1，分別上升至2.21、1.94與1.46 mg L-1。石蓴密度為0.2、0.4與0.8 g L-1，對有機廢水之TAN增加率為2.56、2.94與1.87 % D-1。
石蓴密度為2、4、8 g，養蝦廢水濃度為100、80、40 %，水體容積為10 L。U2、U4與U8於一週後，TAN濃度從0.53、0.52與0.52 mg L-1，分別降低至0.50、0.16與0.05 mg L-1。石蓴密度為0.2、0.4與0.8 g L-1，對養蝦廢水之TAN降低率為0.04、0.52與0.67 % D-1。
石蓴與白蝦於不換水養殖下，白蝦密度為2、4、8尾，石蓴密度為2、4、8 g，水體容積為10 L。石蓴能轉換廢水提供之營養鹽供自身成長，使藻體含氮量增加。實驗結果以白蝦密度為1.25 g L-1與石蓴密度為0.2 g L-1下，可達水質與成長最佳化。

This aim of this study was to determine the optimum growth, water purification and nitrogenous waste balance of Litopenaeus vannamei (white shrimp) and Ulva fasciata cultivated at different stocking density in zero-exchange system.
Five experiments were conducted, which stimulated the capacity of Ulva fasciata to clarify the water in the zero-exchange system. Exp 1, determined the ammonia production rate of white shrimp in the zero-exchange system. Exp 2, determined the clarification capacity of Ulva fasciata on inorganic nitrogen in different densities. Exp 3, determined the clarification capacity of Ulva fasciata on the amount of feeding rate in different densities. Exp 4, determined the clarification capacity of Ulva fasciata on the shrimp farming wastewater in different densities. Exp 5, determine the effect of nitrogenous waste in different densities of Ulva fasciata and white shrimp in zero-exchange system.
In Exp. 1, the shrimp of 5.00 ± 0.01 g were reared in 9 tanks of 10 L of capacity at a stocking densites of 1, 5 and 10. Treatments of shrimp with three replicates. After a week, in S1, S5 and S10, the total ammonia concentration (TAN) increased from 0.01, 0.01 and 0.01 mg L-1 to 1.18, 8.82 and 17.86 mg L-1, respectively. The ammonia production rate of white shrimp in the densities of 0.5, 2.5 and 5 g L-1 were 0.03, 0.05 and 0.05 mg L-1 g-1 D-1, respectively.
In Exp. 2, Ulva fasciata were reared in 32 tanks of 10 L of capacity at a stocking densities of 1, 5 ,10 and 15 g. TAN concentration of inorganic nitrogen testing water were 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg L-1. Treatments of Ulva fasciata and inorganic nitrogen concentration with two replicate. After a week, in U1, U5, U10 and U15, TAN reduced from 4.45, 4.44, 4.38 and 4.51 mg L-1 to 2.99, 1.63, 0.91 and 0.39 mg L-1, respectively. The degradation of TAN of inorganic nitrogen testing water in the densities of Ulva fasciata of 0.1, 0.5, 1.5 and 1 g L-1 were 2.21, 4.01, 4.95 and 5.89 % D-1, respectively.
In Exp. 3, Ulva fasciata were reared in 32 tanks of 10 L of capacity at a stocking densities of 0, 2 ,4 and 8 g. Feeding rate were 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg L-1. Treatments of Ulva fasciata and feeding rate with two replicate. After a week, in F0.5, F1, F5 and F10, TAN increase from 0.15, 0.15, 0.15 and 0.15 mg L-1 to 1.64, 2.08, 4.10 and 5.52 mg L-1 , respectively. The ammonia production rate were 0.21, 0.28, 0.56 and 0.77 mg L-1 g-1 D-1 in the amount of feeding rate of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 g L-1, respectively. After a week, in U2, U4 and U8, TAN increased from 0.15, 0.15 and 0.15 mg L-1 to 2.21, 1.94 and 1.46 mg L-1, respectively. The degradation of TAN of organic waste water in the densities of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g L-1 were -2.56, -2.94 and -1.87 % D-1
In Exp. 4, Ulva fasciata were reared in 18 tanks of 10 L of capacity at a stocking densities of 2, 4 and 8 g. Shrimp farming wastewater were 100, 80 and 40 %. Treatments of Ulva fasciata and shrimp farming wastewater with two replicate. After a week, in U2, U4 and U8, TAN reduced from 0.53, 0.52 and 0.52 mg L-1 to 0.50, 0.16 and 0.05 mg L-1, respectively. The concentration of Ulva fasciata were 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g L-1. The degradation rate of TAN of shrimp farming wastewater were 0.04, 0.52 and 0.67 % D-1.
In Exp. 5, Ulva fasciata and white shrimp under the zero-exchange system, the shrimp were reared in 18 tanks of 10 L of capacity at the stocking densities of 2, 4 and 8, and Ulva fasciata were 2, 4 and 8 g. Treatments of shrimp and Ulva fasciata with two replicate. Ulva fasciata enable the absorption of nutrient from waste water which increase the nitrogen of Ulva fasciata. These results shows that the densities of white shrimp and Ulva fasciata that could achieve the optimum water quality level and growth were 1.25 g L-1 and 0.2 g L-1, respectively,

謝辭 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 v
表目錄 viii
圖目錄 x
略語表 xiii
前言 1
一、魚菜共生系統 1
二、養殖池中氨氮來源與蝦類之排氮 1
三、海藻對氨氮之吸收作用 2
四、研究目的 2
文獻回顧 3
一、白蝦 ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) 3
二、白蝦對水質環境之需求 3
三、石蓴 ( Ulva fasciata ) 4
四、氨之生成途徑 4
五、氨之性質及毒性機制 5
六、亞硝酸之性質及毒性機制 5
七、硝酸之性質及毒性機制 6
材料方法 7
一、試驗設計 7
1-1 不同白蝦密度於不換水養殖之產氨率 7
1-2 不同石蓴密度對無機氮之水質之淨化能力 7
1-3 不同石蓴密度對不同殘餌量之水質之淨化能力 7
1-4 不同石蓴密度對不同濃度養蝦廢水之水質之淨化能力 7
1-5 不同石蓴與白蝦密度於不換水養殖對氮化物之影響 8
二、試驗動物 8
三、試驗飼料 8
四、養殖系統 8
4-1不同白蝦密度於不換水養殖之產氨率 8
4-2不同石蓴密度對無機氮之水質之淨化能力 8
4-3不同石蓴密度對不同殘餌量之水質之淨化能力 9
4-4不同石蓴密度對不同濃度養蝦廢水之水質之淨化能力 9
4-5不同石蓴與白蝦密度於不換水養殖對氮化物之影響 9
五、試驗分析方法 9
5-1 酸鹼值 ( pH ) 9
5-2 總氨氮 ( Total Ammonia-Nitrogen, TAN ) 9
5-3 亞硝酸氮 ( Nitrite-N, NO2-N ) 10
5-4 硝酸氮 ( Nitrate-N, NO3-N ) 10
5-5 粗蛋白質分析 10
5-6 試驗參數 10
六、統計分析 11
結果 12
一、不同白蝦密度於不換水養殖之產氨率 12
1-1 白蝦密度對水質之影響 12
1-2 時間對白蝦密度之水質影響 12
1-3 白蝦成長率與產氨率 13
二、不同石蓴密度對無機氮之水質淨化 13
2-1 無機氮濃度、石蓴密度與時間對水質之影響 13
2-2 石蓴於無機氮水養殖，時間對無機氮濃度及石蓴密度之水質影響 13
2-3 石蓴成長率與氨降低率 14
2-4 總氨氮模式 14
三、不同密度石蓴對不同殘餌量之水質淨化 14
3-1 殘餌量、石蓴密度與時間對水質之影響 14
3-2 石蓴於有機廢水養殖，時間對殘餌量及石蓴密度之水質影響 15
3-3 殘餌氨增加率與石蓴成長率及氨降低率 15
3-4 總氨氮模式 16
四、不同密度石蓴對不同濃度之養蝦廢水水質淨化 16
4-1 養蝦廢水濃度、石蓴密度與時間對水質之影響 16
4-2 石蓴於養蝦廢水養殖，時間對養蝦廢水濃度及石蓴密度之水質影響 16
4-3 石蓴成長率及氨降低率 17
4-4 總氨氮模式 17
五、不同石蓴與白蝦密度於不換水養殖對氮化物之影響 18
5-1 白蝦密度、石蓴密度與時間對水質之影響 18
5-2 蝦藻共生系統下，時間對白蝦密度及石蓴密度之水質影響 18
5-3 白蝦密度、石蓴密度與時間對成長之影響 18
5-4 蝦藻共生系統下，時間對白蝦密度及石蓴密度之成長影響 19
5-5 水質與成長參數相關性 19
5-6 白蝦密度與石蓴密度對氮含量之影響 19
5-7 最佳化之模式 19
討論 20
結論與建議 24
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