臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由高分子與富勒稀衍生物所製作的太陽能電池系統，已經被視為最有潛力的再生替代能源選項。在許多高分子與富勒稀的材料組合中，聚噻吩（P3HT）和苯基碳61丁酸甲酯(PCBM)是目前最被廣泛研究的題材。然而，最近的研究報導指出一個新的受體材料：茚-碳60雙加成物（ICBA），用來取代PCBM作為P3HT系統的新受體材料，其較高的最低未填滿軌域能階（LUMO），使得太陽能電池的效能獲得明顯的提昇。然而，除了能階的影響以外，深入的形態討論對瞭解ICBA和PCBM的元件效率的差異也會有幫助。
在這篇論文中，我們比較這兩個載體-受體混合系統：P3HT/PCBM和P3HT/ICBA的光譜以及形態特性，利用光學顯微鏡以及低掠角X光散射技術，我們發現不管是單一材料薄膜，或是混合載體-受體的薄膜，PCBM相對ICBA容易形成較大且規則的聚集或是結晶結構，和PCBM相較下，ICBA也相當程度的破壞P3HT的規則性排列。由於P3HT/PCBM系統可以形成較多、較大的規則相分離區域，P3HT/PCBM薄膜在高濃度PCBM摻雜的情況下，可以觀察到明顯的光學散射特性，然而這樣的特性在P3HT/ICBA的混合系統上並不明顯！這樣的結果表示，P3HT/ICBA的元件效率提昇並非來自主動層的形態品質提昇，而是其他的原因在元件效率提昇上產生更重要的影響

Solar cell technology based on polymer/fullerene composites are continuously gaining interest as a potential source of renewable energy. Among the composites, poly(3-hyxelthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyel-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are the most widely studied D-A combination. Recently, a new C60-based acceptor material indene-C60 bisadduct (ICBA) replacing PCBM as an acceptor in the P3HT/fullerene system is repoted to substantially improve the conversion efficiency of the solar cells owing to the higher LUMO level. However, the detailed morphological properties of the donor-acceptor composites would also be essential in understanding the difference in performance between the P3HT/PCBM system and the relatively new P3HT/ICBA system
We report a comparative study on spectral and morphological properties of two blend systems for polymer solar cells: the donor material P3HT in combination with the acceptor material of either PCBM or ICBA that was reported to enhance efficiencies of polymer solar cells. Optical microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray scattering reveal the stronger tendency of PCBM to from larger and more ordered domains/grains than ICBA either in pure or blend films. Compared to PCBM, the presence of ICBA also substantially perturbs the organization and longer-range ordering of P3HT in increasing the ICBA ratio in blends. With larger and more ordered phase-separated domains, the P3HT/PCBM blend films exhibit significant optical scattering at higher PCBM ratios. Yet, such optical scattering is not significant for P3HT/ICBA blends (even with high ICBA ratios). Overall, results here suggest the reported higher efficiencies of P3HT/ICBA solar cells (vs. P3HT/PCBM cells) cannot be attributed to larger and/or more ordered phase-separated donor-acceptor domains and other characteristics play more important roles in this case.

口試委員會審定書 #
誌謝 i
中文摘要 ii
ABSTRACT iii
CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of renewable energy 1
1.2 Overview of polymer solar cells 2
1.3 Working principle of polymer solar cells 4
1.4 Effect of morphology on the device performance 9
1.5 Ways to control morphology 11
1.5.1 Thermal and solvent annealing 11
1.5.2 Solution concentration and film thickness 12
1.5.3 Molecular weight 13
1.6 Motivation and Thesis Organization 15
1.7 Reference 15
Chapter 2 Properties of Neat P3HT, PCBM and ICBA Films 26
2.1 Introductin………………………………………………………………..26
2.2 Experiments 26
2.2.1 Materials and their film preparation 26
2.2.2 Characterization of the thin films by optical methods 27
2.2.3 Characterization of film morphology by Grazing Incidence X-ray Scattering (GIXS) 27
2.3 Results and discussions 30
2.3.1 UV-Vis spectroscopy of P3HT, PCBM, and ICBA films 30
2.3.2 GIXS analysis of P3HT films 31
2.3.3 GIXS analysis of PCBM 33
2.3.4 GIXS analysis of ICBA films 35
2.4 Summary 36
2.5 References 37
Chapter 3 Comparative Study of the Spectral and Morphological Properties of Blends of P3HT with PCBM and ICBA 52
3.1 Introduction 52
3.2 Experiments 53
3.2.1 Preparation of the blend thin films 53
3.2.2 Characterization of the polymer/fullerene films 54
3.3 Result and discussion 56
3.3.1 Spectral properties and optical microscopy of pure and blend P3HT/Fullerene films 56
3.3.2 GIXS analyses of pure and blend P3HT/Fullerene films 59
3.4 Summary 62
3.5 References 63
Chapter 4 Summary 80

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