藉由在大強子對撞機上的緊湊渺子線圈偵測器, 我們採用質心能量為8 TeV的質子對撞 事件來尋找成對出現的頂夸克激發態。 我們研究頂夸克激發態的半輕子衰變至頂夸克以 及膠子的事件。 在這種事件中,兩個頂夸克激發態將會衰變至頂夸克以及膠子。 我們分 析兩個頂夸克衰變到底夸克加上W玻色子, 其中一個W玻色子衰變到輕子加上微中子, 而另一W玻色子衰變到兩個夸可作為觀測訊號事件。 我們考慮輕子為電子以及渺子的衰 變鏈。 使用19.6 fb−1統一光度的緊湊渺子線圈偵測器所記錄的數據, 觀測到的事件數和 標準模型預測是一致的。 我們假設100%的頂夸克激發態會衰變到頂夸克以及膠子, 則 在95%的信心水準下, 質量小於794GeV/c2的自旋二分之三頂夸克激發態不存在。

We perform a search for a pair-produced–excited top quark, t∗, that decays exclusively to a top quark and a gluon using data collected by the CMS detector from pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV. The search is performed using events consistent with the semi-leptonic decay of the t∗t∗ system, that is events having a single isolated muon or electron, missing energy, and at least six well-reconstructed jets, one of which must be identified as originating from the fragmentation of a b quark. The data ana- lyzed corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 19.6 fb−1. No significant excess over expectations is observed and we set a lower limit on the t∗-quark mass of 794 GeV/c2 at 95% confidence level.

口試委員會審定書 i
Acknowledgments iii
中文摘要 v
Abstract vii
Table of Contents ix
Chapter I Introduction 1
I.1 Experimental viewpoint:Quest for Exotics...................... 1
I.2 Theoretical motivation:0,1/2and1,Why not3/2?....................... 4
I.3 Brief Summary....................... 4
Chapter II Experimental Apparatus 7
II.1 The Large Hadron Collider........................ 7
II.2 The Compact muon solenoid....................... 9
II.2.1 Superconducting Solenoid and Return Yoke....................... 10
II.2.2 Tracking System.......................... 10
II.2.3 Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) and Preshower Detector (ES)....................... 13
II.2.4 Hadronic Calorimeter(HCAL).................. 16
II.2.5 Muon System........................... 18
II.3 Trigger System.............................. 20
II.3.1 Level-1Trigger(L1)........................ 20
II.3.2 High Level Trigger(HLT)..................... 21
Chapter III Event Reconstruction 25
III.1 Track Reconstruction........................... 25
III.1.1 Hit reconstruction......................... 26
III.1.2 Seed generation.......................... 26
III.1.3 Trajectory building......................... 26
III.1.4 Ambiguity resolution....................... 27
III.1.5 Track fit.............................. 27
III.2 Vertex Reconstruction........................... 27
III.2.1 Vertex Finding........................... 28
III.2.2 Vertex Fitting............................ 28
III.2.3 Secondary Vertex Reconstruction................. 29
III.3 Muon Reconstruction........................... 29
III.3.1 Regional Reconstruction...................... 29
III.3.2 Standalone Muon......................... 30
III.3.3 Global Muon............................ 30
III.3.4 Tracker Muon........................... 30
III.4 ECAL clustering............................. 30
III.5 HCAL cluserting............................. 33
III.6 Particle-Flow Algorithm......................... 33
III.6.1 Muon Reconstruction....................... 34
III.6.2 Electron Reconstruction...................... 34
III.6.3 Charged Hadron, Neutral Hadron and Photon Reconstruction .......................35
III.7 Jet Reconstruction & the Anti-kt Algorithm...................... 36
III.8 Missing transverse energy(MET)...................37
III.9 b-jet Identification...........................38
III.9.1 Combined Secondary Vertex (CSV) algorithm...................... 39
Chapter IV Data and Simulated Samples 41
Chapter V Event Selection 43
V.1 Triggers................................ 44
V.2 Primary Vertex Selection......................... 44
V.3 Muon Selection.............................. 44
V.4 Electron Selection............................. 45
V.5 Jet Selection................................ 46
V.6 b-Jet Selection............................... 47
V.7 Scaling Factors.............................. 47
V.7.1 Pile-up Reweighting........................ 47
V.7.2 b-tag Scaling Factor........................ 48
V.7.3 Jet Energy Smearing........................ 49
V.7.4 Trigger efficiency ......................... 50
V.7.5 Lepton ID efficiency........................ 50
V.8 Event Selection .............................. 50
Chapter VI Analysis Strategy 55
VI.1 Mass Reconstruction........................... 55
VI.2 Tool Validation.............................. 56
VI.3 Mass Reconstruction Optimization and Cross Check........................... 56
VI.3.1 Mass spectrum by a χ2 weighting................. 57
VI.3.2 Number of Input Jets and B Parton Assignment................. 59
VI.3.3 χ2 Sorting Algorithm.................61
VI.4 HitFit Top Mass Constraint................. 61
Chapter VII Background Estimation by MC Template 65
VII.1 Checks of Background Estimation.................... 65
VII.2 Normalization Issue............................ 68
VII.2.1 b-Jet Energy Correction...................... 68
VII.2.2 Q2-Scale Effect........................... 70
VII.2.3 MC Modeling........................... 71
VII.3 Systematic Uncertainties for the Template Method........................... 73
VII.4 Limit Calculation using MC templates.................. 78
VII.5 Limit Calculation Cross Checks..................... 78
VII.5.1 Energetic Gluon Selection..................... 78
VII.5.2 Limit Setting On Other Kinematic Spectra..................... 80
VII.5.3 Effect of signal JES........................ 81
Chapter VIII Data-Driven Background Estimation 83
VIII.1 Global fitting............................... 83
VIII.2 Systematic Uncertainties......................... 84
VIII.3 Limit Calculation............................. 85
VIII.4 Signal injection cross check........................ 86
VIII.5 Background Estimation Using Sideband Method........................ 87
VIII.5.1 Sideband Fitting.......................... 88
VIII.5.2 Pull distribution from pseudo-experiments for the sideband method.......................... 91
VIII.5.3 Systematic Uncertainties for the Sideband Method.......................... 92
VIII.5.4 Limit setting for the Sideband Method.......................... 92
Chapter IX Results and Conclusions 95
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