臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

石斑魚為近年來熱門的養殖魚種，為暖水、廣鹽性珊瑚礁魚類，其成長快以及肉質鮮美，也廣受東南亞消費者喜愛之海產經濟魚類，由於養殖飼料占養殖成本60%以上，本實驗為了探討在不同脂質與玉米蛋白取代魚粉對珍珠龍膽的成長之影響，以減少魚粉的使用，以及添加牛油調整n-3高度不飽和脂肪酸的含量，探討珍珠石斑適合的n-3高度不飽和脂肪酸的需求。實驗中設計六組飼料餵食魚體為4.83±0.54克珍珠龍膽幼魚，以箱網 (80X65X65 cm)飼養在室內水泥池中，每組20尾雙重複，共六組飼料，前三組 (Diet 1-Diet 3)以65%魚粉為蛋白質來源，後三組 (Diet 4-Diet 6)以蛋白質來源魚粉55%且玉米蛋白10%作為取代。各組以部分牛油取代魚油，取代量為2.5%以及5%，粗脂質含量在9.81%-11.90%之間。餵食42天結果以65%魚粉加上5%魚油的Diet1組別增重率557%最高且有較佳的成長效果以及飼料換肉率0.92最佳，Diet 1-Diet 3各組活存率和成長率無顯著差異，也顯示珍珠龍膽飼料中替代性成分來源可以使用部分牛油作為油脂取代，而魚粉以玉米蛋白10%取代的Diet 4-Diet 6組別中，其增重率和飼料換肉率都較前三組來的低，可能是飼料中含過高的玉米蛋白 (10%)，造成海水肉食性魚類珍珠龍膽石斑為對玉米蛋白的利用率不佳。

Grouper is one of warm water coral reef fishes and can survive in a broad range of salinity. It was the popular cultured fish and grows rapidly and has delicious meat. It was also the economic fish well received by consumers of Southeast Asia.
The experiment was conducted to study the effects of vegetative ingredients, lipid and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty levels replacing fish meal on growth performance of pearl grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus). In order to decrease the proportion of fish meal in aquaculture adds tallow to adjust the proportion of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty in the feed to conduct the suitable n-3 highly unsaturated fatty on the pearl grouper.
In Experiment, six groups of fingerlings fed for 42 days to double replicates of groups of grouper (average initial weight: 4.83±0.54 g ) in the seawater net cage (80X65X65 cm) ( 20 fishes/replicate). In Diet 1-Diet 3 with protein level of 65% fish meal, and in Diet 2 and Diet 3 were add separately 2.5% and 5% of tallow into the feed. In Diet 4-Diet 6 with protein level of 55% fish meal and replace 10% corn protein, and in Diet 5 and Diet 6 lipid level were the same by Diet 2 and Diet 3.
After 42 days feeding, the best weight gain and feed conversion rate were 557% and 0.92 in Diet 1 (65% fish meal and 5% tallow). There were no significant different on survival rate and growth rate in Diet 1-Diet 3. It indicated that tallow can replace fish meal in the feed. The weight gain and feed conversion rate were worse in Diet 4-Diet 6, and indicated the replacement proportion of corn protein were too high. Pearl grouper was a kind of carnivorous fishes that digested on the corn protein not so good with fish meal.

目 錄


致謝----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I
中文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II
英文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- III
目錄---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV
表目錄------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V
圖目錄-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VI
前言-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1


壹、材料與方法------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
貳、結果---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
參、討論---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

結論----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
參考文獻----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24

王漢昇，2009。飼料中添加不同來源及比例之脂質在不同溫度下對紅色吳郭魚成
長及魚體脂肪酸組成之影響。國立台灣大學漁業科學研究所碩士論文,pp. 66。
呂明毅，1989。石斑魚類的生殖生物學. 中國水產,437，pp. 41-49。
邵廣昭，2009。台灣魚類資料庫。中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心，
網站http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw.
周聖倫，2002。不同蛋白質含量下脂質及n-3高度不飽和脂肪酸對赤鰭笛鯛成長
之研究，pp. 74。
周瑞良，2009。農政與農情，204:87。
黃順國，2001。飼料中添加類胰島素成長因子對赤鰭笛鯛稚魚成長之影響。國立
台灣大學漁業科學研究所碩士論文，pp. 89。
黃海龍，2006。飼料中添加不同質物性原料取代魚粉對海鱺成長之研究, pp. 111。
鄭長義，1991。飼料配方技術大全(上)。華香園出版社。
鄭安倉，2006。不同能量來源取代魚粉蛋白能量對點帶石斑之效應。國立台灣海 洋大學水產養殖研究所博士論文，pp. 181。
潘祖德，2011。飼料中不同蛋白質含量與能量對珍珠龍膽成長之影響，pp. 85。
黎俊廷，2006。飼料添加南極蝦粉及植物性原料取代魚粉對海鱺成長之影響。國
立台灣大學漁業科學研究所碩士論文，pp. 68。
藍清玩，1995。瑪拉巴石斑之最適蛋白質需求及蛋白質與能量比。國立台灣海洋
大學水產食品科學研究所碩士論文，pp. 92。
瀨尾重治， 2011。石斑魚種苗產業教育訓練講義。雜交斑育種及養殖，pp. 14-15。
Andrews, J. W., Murray, M. W. and Davis, J. M. 1978. The influence of dietary fat
levels and environmental temperature on digestable energy and absorbability of
animal fat in catfish diets. J. Nutr., 108: 749-752.
AOAC, 1984. Official Methods of Analysis, 14th edition, Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Washinton D. C., USA, 1141pp.
Akiyama, D. M., Dominy, W. G., Lawrence, A. L, 1992. penaeid shrimp Nutrition. In: A. W. Fast and L. J. Lester (Editors). Marine shrimp culture: principles and practies., 535-568.
Allen, G. L., Parkinson, S., Booth, M. A., Stone, D. A. J., Rowland, S. J., Frances, J. and Warner-Smith, R., 2000. Replacement of fish meal in diets for Australian silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus: Ι. Digestibility of alternative ingredients. Aquaculture. 186: 293-310.
Bell, M. V., Henderson, R. J., Pirie, B. J. S. and Sargent, J. R., 1985. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiencies on mortality, growth and gill structure in the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. J. Fish Biol., 26: 181-191.
Buranapanidgit, J., Boonyaratpalin, M., Watanabe, T., Pechmanee, T. and Yashiro, R.
1988. Essential fatty acid requirement of juvenile Seabass Lates Calcarifer. Technical paper No. 3. National Institute of Coastal Aquaculture, Department of Fisheries, Thailand.
Borlongan, I.G.1992. The essential fatty acid requirement of milkfish (Chanos chanos
Forsskal). Fish Physiol. Biochem., 9: 401-407.
Brown, M. F. 1994. Modulation of rhodopsin function by properties of the membrane
bilayer. Chemi. Physi. Lipids, 73: 159-180.
Bureau, D. P. and Cho, C. Y. 1999. Phosphorus utilization by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): estimation of dissolved phosphorus waste output. Aquaculture, 179: 127-140.
Barlow, S. 2000. Fishmeal and fish oil: sustainable feed ingredients for aquafeeds.
Global Aquacult. Adv., 3: 85-88.
Castell, J.D., Sinnhuber, R.O., Wales, J.H. and Lee, J.D. 1972a. Essential fatty acids in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): growth, feed conversion and some gross deficiency symptoms. J. Nutr., 102: 77–86.
Castell, J.D., Sinnhuber, R.O., Wales, J.H. and Lee, J.D. 1972b. Essential fatty acids
in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): physiological symptoms of EFA
deficiency. J. Nutr., 102: 87–92.
Castell, J.D., Lee, J.D. and Sinnhuber, R.O. 1972c . Essential fatty acids in the diet of
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition. J.
Nutr., 102: 93–100.
Cowey, C.B., Adron, J.W., Owen, J.M. and Roberts, R.J. 1976a. The effect of
different dietary oils on tissue fatty acid and tissue pathology in turbot
(Scophthalmus maximus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 53B: 399-403.
Cowey, C.B., Owen, J.M. and Adron, J.W. C. 1976b. The effect of different dietary
fatty acids on the growth and fatty acid composition of turbot (Scophthalmus
maximus). Middleton Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. Brit. J. Nutr.,
36: 479-486.
Cowey, C.B., Adron, J.W.,Owen, J.M.andRoberts,R.J.1976a. The effect of
different dietary oils on tissue fatty acid and tissue pathology in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 53B: 399-403.
Coutteau, P., VanStappen, G.. and Sorgeloos, P. 1996. A standard experimental diet for
the study of fatty acid requirements of weaning and first on growing stages of the
European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L.:Comparison of extruded and
extruded/coated diets. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 49: 49-59.
Cruz-Ricque, L. E., Guillaume, J., 1987. Squid protein effect on growth of four penaeid shrimp. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 18: 209-217.
Dabrowski, K. 1977. Protein requirements of grass carp fry (Ctenophayngodon idella Val). Aquaculture, 12: 63-73.
Dosanjh, B. S., Higgs, D. A., Plotnikoff, M. D., McBride, J. R., Markert, J. R. and
Buckley, J. T. 1984. Efficacy of canola oil, pork lard and marine oil singly and in
combination as supplemental dietary lipid sources for juvenile coho salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquaculture, 36: 333-345.
Dean, J. C., Nieksen, L. A., Hefrich, L. A., Garling, D. C., 1992. Replacing fish meal with seafood processing wastes in channel catfish diet. Prog. Fish-culture 54: 7-13.
Folch, J., Lees, M., Stanely, C. H. S., 1957. A simple method for the isolation and
purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem., 226: 477-509.
Fujii, M. and Yone, Y., 1976. Studies on nutrition of red sea bream─XIII: Effect of dietary linolenic and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on growth and feed efficiency. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 42: 583-588.
Fiogbe, E.D., Kestemont, P., Melard, C., Micha, J.C., 1996. The effects of dietary crude protein on growth of the Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis. Aquaculture 144: 239-249.
Fu, S.J., Xie, X.J., Zhang, W.B., Cao, Z.D., 2001. The study on nutrition of Silurus meridionalis: III. The sparing effect of dietary lipid. Acta Hydrobiol. Sin. 25: 70-75.
FAO，2002. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries
Department, Rome,pp.159。
Greene, D. H. S. and Selivonchick, D. P. 1990. Effects of dietary vegetable, animal
and marine lipids on muscle lipid and hematology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 89: 165-182.
Glencross, B., Hawkins, W. and Curnow, J. 2003. Evaluation of canola oils as
alternative lipid resources in diets for juvenile red seabream, Pagrus auratus.
Aquacult. Nutr., 9: 305-315.
Harvey, D. J. 1991. Outlook for U.S. aquaculture. Annual agricultural outlook
conference, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
Jauncey, K. 2000. Nutritional requirements. In M. C. M. Beveridge and B. J.
McAndrew (Ed.), Tilapias: Biology and Exploitation. London: Kluwer academic publishers. pp. 327-375 .
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Sakamoto, M. and Awal, M.A. 1980. Requirement of
Tilapia zillii for essential fatty acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 33: 47-55.
Kikuchi, K. 1999. Use of defatted soybean meal as a substituent for fish meal in diets for Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture, 179: 3-11.
Kalegeropulos, N., Alexis, M. N. and Henderson, R. J., 1992. Effects of dietary
soybean and cod-liver oil levels on growth and body composition of gilthead bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 104: 293-308.
Kaoshio, S., Teshima, S. I., Kanawana, A., Watase, T., 1993. The effect of dietary protein content on growth digestion efficiency and nitrogen excretion of juvenile kuruma prawns, Penaeus japonicus. Aquaculture 133: 101-114.
Lin Yu-Hung, Shiau Shi-Yen., 2003. Dietary lipid requirement of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, and effects on immune responses .Aquaculture, 225: 243-250.
Laining, A., Usman., Kabangnga, N., 2004. The effect of dietary protein level on apparent digestibility coefficient and biological performances of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) raised at floating net cages. J. Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia. 9: 29-34.
Luo, Z., Liu, Y.J., Mai, K.S., Tian, L.X., Liu, D.H., Tan, X.Y., 2004. Op-timal dietary protein requirement of grouper Epinephelus coioides junveniles fed isoenergetic diets in floating net cages. Aquacult. Nutr. 10: 247-252.
Masumoto, T., Ruchimat, T., Ito, Y., Hosokawa, H. and Shimeno, S. 1996. Amino acid availability values for several protein sources for yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). Aquaculture, 146: 109-119.
New, M. B. 1991. Turn of the millenium aquaculture. World Aquacult., 22:28-49.
Nematipour, G. R. and Gatlin, D. M. III., 1993. Requirement of hybrid striped bass for dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. J. Nutr., 123: 744-753.
Narcisa, M. B., Irineu, B., Maria, L. N. and Jose, M. E. 2001. Seasonal variation in
the chemical composition of horse-merkerel (Trachurus trachurus). Eur. Food Res. Technol., 212: 535-539.
Ng, W. K., Lim, P. K. and Sidek, H. 2001. The influence of a dietary lipid source on
growth, muscle fatty acid composition and erythrocyte osmotic fragility of hybrid tilapia. Fish Physio. Biochem., 25: 301-310.
Ogino, C., Saito, K., 1970. Protein nutrition in fish-Ι. The utilization of dietary protein by young carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 36: 250-254.
Owen, J.M., Adron, J.W., Sargent, J.R. and Cowey, C.B. 1972. Studies on the
nutrition of marine flatfish. The effect of dietary fatty acids on the tissue fatty
acids of the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa. Mari. Biol., 13: 160-166.
Pelissero, C., Sumpter, J. P., 1992. Steroid and “steroid-like” substance in fish diets. Aquaculture, 107: 293-301.
Pereira, T. G., A Oliva-Teles, 2003. Evaluation of corn gluten meal as a protein source in diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles. Aquacult. Res., 34: 1111-1117.
Robaina, L., Izquierdo M. S., Moyano F. J., Socorro J., Vergara J. M., Montero D., and Fern H., 1995. Soybean and lupin seed meals as protein sources in diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): nutritional and histological implications. Aquaculture, 130: 219-233.
Robaina, L., Moyano, F. J., Izquierdo, M. S., Socorro, J., Vergara, J. M. and Montero, D., 1997. Corn gluten and meat and bone meals as protein sources in diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): Nutrition and histological implications. Aquaculture, 157: 347-359.
Regost, C., Arzel, J., Kaushik, S.J., 1999. Partial or total replacement of fish meal by corn gluten meal in diet for turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, 180: 99-117.
Reigh, R. C. and Ellis, S. C. 2000. Effects of dietary catfish oil, menhaden oil, and
tallow on production characteristics of pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus
punctatus. J. Appl. Aquacult., 10: 53-63.
Siguel, E. N., Chee, K. M., Gong, J. and Schaefer, E. J. 1987. Criteria for essential
fatty acid deficiency in plasma as assessed by capillary column gas-liquid
chromatography. Clin. Chem., 33: 1869-1873.
Satoh, S., Poe, W. E. and Wilson, R. P. 1989. Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on
weight gain and liver polar lipid fatty acid composition of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr., 119: 23-28.
Stickney, R. R. and Hardy, R. W., 1989.Lipid requirements of some warmwater species. Aquaculture, 79: 145-156.
Shiau, S.Y., Huang, S.L., 1989. Optimal dietary protein level for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) reared in seawater. Aqua-culture 81: 119-127.
Shimeno,S., Masumoto, T., Hujita, T., Mima, T., Uenos, S., 1993. Alternative protein sources for fish meal in diets of young yellowtail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,59: 137-143.
Takeuchi, T. and Watanabe, T. 1976. Nutritive value of ω3 highly unsaturated fatty
acids in pollock liver oil for rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 42: 907-919.
Takeuchi, T. and Watanabe, T. 1977a. Dietary levels of methyl laurate and essential
fatty acid requirement on growth of rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 43:
893–898.
Takeuchi, T. and Watanabe, T. 1977b. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and
docosahexaenoic acid in pollock liver oil on growth and fatty acid composition
of rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 43: 947–953.
Takeuchi, T., Watanabe, T. and Ogino, C. 1979. Optimum ratio of dietary energy
to protein for carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 45: 983-987.
Takeuchi, T., Watanabe, T. and Ogino, C. 1979a. Availability of carbohydrate and
lipid as dietary energy sources for carp. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 45: 977–982.
Takeuchi, T., Satoh, S. and Watanabe, T. 1983. Requirement of Tilapia nilotica for essential fatty acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 49:1127-1134.
Tucker, J.W., 1998. Marine Fish Culture. Kluwer Academic Publishing, Norwell, MA, USA, pp. 750.
Takeuchi, T., Toyota, M., Satoh, S. and Watanabe, T. 1990. Requirement of juvenile
red seabream Pagrus major for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 56: 1263-1269.
Turchini, G. M., Francis, D. S. and De Silva, S. S. 2007. Finishing diets stimulate
compensatory growth: results of a study on Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii. Aquacult. Nutr., 13: 351-360.
Tuan, L.A., Williams, K.C., 2007. Optimum dietary protein and lipid spe-cifications for juvenile malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus). Aquaculture 267: 129-138.
Turchini, G. M., Torstensen, B. E. and Ng, W. K. 2009. Fish oil replacement in finfish
nutrition. Rev. Aquacult., 1: 10-57.
Watanabe, T., Ogino, C., Koshiishi, Y. and Matsunaga, T. 1974a. Requirement of
rainbow trout for essential fatty acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 40: 493–497.
Watanabe, T., Takashima, F. and Ogino, C. 1974b. Effect of dietary methyl linolenate
on growth of rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 40: 181–188.
Watanabe, T., Kobayashi, I., Utsue, O. and Ogino,C. 1974c. Effect of dietary methyl
linolenate on fatty acid composition of lipids in rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 40: 387–392.
Watanabe, T., Utsue, D., Kobayashi, I. and Ogino, C. 1975 a. Effect of dietary methyl
linoleate and linolenate on growth of carp — I. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.,
41:257–262.
Watanabe, T., Takeuchi, T. and Ogino, C. 1975 b. Effect of dietary methyl linoleate
and linolenate on growth of carp — II. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.,41:263–269.
Winfree, R.A., Stickney, R.R., 1981. Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth, feed conversion efficiency and body composition of Tilapia aurea. J. Nutr. 111: 1001– 1012.
Watanabe, T. 1996. Fish feed development in Japan. Suisanzoshoku, 44: 227–229.
Yone, Y. and Fujii, M. 1975a. Studies on nutrition of red sea bream. XI. Effects of n-3
fatty acid supplement in a corn oil diet on growth rate and feed efficiency. Bull.
Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 41: 73-77.
Yone, Y. and Fujii, M. 1975b. Studies on nutrition of red sea bream. XII. Effects of
n-3 fatty acid supplement in a corn oil diet on fatty acid composition of fish.
Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.,41: 79 86.
Yu, T.C., Sinnhuber, R.O. and Putnam, G.B. 1977a. Effect of dietary lipids on fatty
acid composition of body lipid in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Lipids,
12: 495–499.
Yu, T.C., Sinnhuber, R.O. and Putnam,G.B. 1977b. Putnam Use of swine fat as an
energy source in trout rations Prog. Fish Cult., 39: 95–97.
Yoshimatus, T., Furuichi, M., Kitajima, C., 1992. Optimum level of protein in purified experimental diets for red lip mullet. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 58: 2111-2117.
Zeitoun, I.H., Tack, P.I., Halver, J.E., Ullery, D.E., 1973. Influence of salinity on protein requirements of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fin-gerlings. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 1867-1873.