臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

無線感測網路是由大量的感測器節點和一個基地台所組成。感測器節點因擁有許多優勢，如：成本便宜、體積小、低功率等，使得無線感測網路的應用範圍非常的廣泛，無論是在軍事、險惡的環境(如火山、深海)、醫療、居家、娛樂等都可以看到運用無線感測網路的例子，而感測器節點通常都是使用電池做為它的供電來源，若將它運用在無人值守或險惡的環境時，因無法透過人工的方式來更換電池，所以研究人員要如何設計一個有效率且節省能源的路由協定，就成為非常重要的課題。
本論文以低能量適應性階層式叢集演算法(Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy，LEACH)為基礎，針對LEACH在運作時可能發生的缺失，而提出一個多叢集首路由協定(Multiple Cluster-Head Routing Protocol，MCHRP)來改善LEACH所發生的缺失。MCHRP透過考慮下列因素：
(1) 在選擇侯選叢集首(Candidate Cluster Head)與確認主叢集首(Main Cluster Head)的時候，將每個節點的節點因子(Node Factor)與相鄰節點數(Adjacent Node)列入考慮，避免選到能源過低、能源相近但離基地台較遠、或者相鄰節點數較少的節點成為侯選叢集首，甚至是當選主叢集首。
(2) 主叢集首之間的距離必需滿足我們所設定的門檻值距離，避免主叢集首過度集中，使得主叢集首可以均勻分佈在感測區域內。
(3) 選擇輔助叢集首(Assisted Cluster Head)與傳輸叢集首(Transmission Cluster Head)來分散主叢集首需蒐集所有成員節點的資料及傳送叢集最後完整的資料至基地台等工作，避免由單一個叢集首負責所有工作而造成它能源損耗過快，達到網路壽命延長之目的。
最後，我們使用MATLAB軟體分別針對多叢集首路由協定(MCHRP)與低能量適應性階層式叢集法(LEACH)二個協定進行「網路壽命時間」及「基地台所接收的訊息數量」模擬，透過模擬結果顯示我們所提出來的MCHRP比LEACH更加節省能源，並且能夠延長整體感測網路壽命時間。

Wireless sensor network is composed by a large number of sensor nodes and a base station. Sensor nodes have many advantages, such as: cheap cost, small size, low power, making a very broad range of applications of wireless sensor networks, whether it is in the military, sinister environment (such as volcanoes, deep-sea) medical, home, entertainment, and so you can see an example of the use of wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are usually battery as its power source, the use in unattended or sinister environment, not through artificial way to replace the battery, so the researchers how to design an efficient and energy-saving routing protocol has become a very important issue.
The papers which is based on Low Energy Adaptive Hierarchical Clustering algorithm (LEACH). LEACH missing that may occur during operation, we propose a Multiple Cluster-Head Routing Protocol (MCHRP) to improve the the LEACH missing. MCHRP by considering the following factors: (1) select Candidate Cluster Head and confirmation of the Main Cluster Head, Node Factor and Adjacent Nodes of each node column taken into account, to avoid to become a candidate for election to the low energy, or energy similar but far away from the base station, or less adjacent nodes node Cluster Head, and even be elected Cluster Head. (2) the distance between the Main Cluster Head must be greater than the threshold set by the distance, to avoid the Main Cluster Head excessive concentration, making the cluster can be uniformly distributed in the sensing area. (3)Select the Assisted Cluster Head and Transmission Cluster Head, the Cluster Head need to collect all the member nodes to spread and send the final data to the base station and other work to avoid a cluster from a single the Head is responsible for all work and caused it to rapid energy loss to achieve the purpose of the network longevity.
Finally, we perform lots of simulations to analysis the network life time and the number of messages received by the base station with MATLAB software for MCHRP and LEACH. Through simulations the results show that our proposed MCHRP saves more energy than LEACH does, and is able to extend the life time of the overall sensor network.

誌謝 I
摘要 II
ABSTRACT IV
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 X
第一章、 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 2
1.3 論文架構 6
第二章、 文獻探討 7
2.1 無線感測網路發展 7
2.2 無線感測網路硬體架構 7
2.3 無線感測網路應用 11
2.4 設計無線感測網路需考量之因素及挑戰 13
2.5 叢集式無線感測網路 15
2.5.1 LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) 16
2.5.2 Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy with Deterministic Cluster-head Selection 22
2.5.3 RCCT (Robust Clustering with Cooperative Transmission for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks 22
第三章、 網路模組與能源消耗模組 26
3.1 網路模組假設 26
3.2 能量消耗模型 26
第四章、 多叢集首路由協定 30
4.1 MCHRP協定架構 30
4.2 發現鄰居階段 31
4.3 設定階段 32
4.4 穩定階段 39
第五章、 模擬分析與討論 40
5.1 模擬參數設定 41
5.2 MCHRP參數分析 41
5.3 模擬結果分析 43
第六章、 結論與未來研究方向 46
6.1 結論 46
6.2 未來研究方向 46
參考文獻 48

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