臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，由於石油危機及空氣污染等嚴重問題，使電動車的發展逐漸受到各國的高度重視。本文以電力公司之營運獲利為設計目標，制定三種類型之電價方案作為充電優先權之依據，分別為高電價方案、一般電價方案和低電價方案，其中高電價方案以滿足用戶之便利性為設計目標，而一般電價方案和低電價方案則以降低電力公司之發電成本作為設計目標，規劃各車輛於低發電成本進行充電。此外，本文亦考量大量電動車同時進行充電時對電力系統造成過載之情形，並根據各用戶之居家負載設計充電排程，提出最佳化之充電策略，從模擬結果中可得知本文設計之充電策略可在不影響用戶之必要性負載運作下，對電動車進行充電排程，並依照各用戶選擇之電價方案，盡可能地滿足各電動車之充電需求。

In recent years, since the serious problems such as the oil crisis, the air pollution etc., the development of electric vehicles (EVs) have been got the highly attention by each country. The designed goal in this thesis aims to increase the operating income for the power company. According to the charging priority, there are three types of electricity price have been drawn up, that is, the high electricity price scheme, the normal electricity price scheme, and the low electricity price scheme, where the designed objective for the high electricity price scheme is to satisfy the customer''s convenience, while the designed objectives of the normal electricity price and the low electricity price schemes are to reduce the cost of generating electricity for the power company, so that each vehicle can be charged at the lower cost of generating electricity. Furthermore, this thesis also takes into account the overloading event occurs on power systems when charging for extensive EVs simultaneously, and propose the optimal charging strategy for the charging scheduling according to the residential load of each customer. Simulation results show that the optimal charging strategy can effectively charging for EVs under the premise that not impact on the residential load of customer, and to satisfy the charging demand of each EV as much as possible depends on the electricity price choose by each customer.

摘 要 i
ABSTRACT ii
誌 謝 iv
目 錄 v
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 2
1.2 研究動機與目的 6
1.3 文獻探討 10
1.4 論文規劃 16
第二章 智能電網與電動車 18
2.1 智能電網簡介 18
2.1.1 智能電網與傳統電網之差異 20
2.2 先進電表基礎架構( AMI ) 22
2.2.1 AMI簡介 23
2.2.2 AMI之系統架構 26
2.3 電動車 28
2.3.1 電動車種類及基礎架構 28
2.3.2 動力電池組 30
2.3.3 電池管理系統 34
第三章 電動車之充電策略 37
3.1 問題描述 37
3.1.1 居家用電負載 39
3.1.2 電動車充電負載 40
3.1.3 配電變壓器之最大功率限制 42
3.1.4 配電變壓器之負載預測 44
3.1.5 電力公司之發電成本 46
3.2充電策略之規畫 48
3.2.1 整體系統架構 48
3.2.1.1 電力線通訊 50
3.2.1.2 充電閘道器之系統功能 53
3.2.1.3 充電閘道器之軟體架構 53
3.2.1.4 充電閘道器之硬體架構 54
3.2.1.5 充電管理系統之系統功能 56
3.2.1.6 充電管理系統之軟體架構 56
3.2.1.7 充電管理系統之硬體規劃 57
3.2.2 線性規劃法於充電策略之設計 59
3.2.2.1 各類電價方案之設計法則 59
3.2.2.2 充電策略一之設計 63
3.2.2.3 充電策略二之設計 65
3.2.2.4 總結充電策略之設計 68
第四章 案例模擬與討論 73
4.1 案例1之模擬 75
4.2 案例2之模擬 80
4.3 案例3之模擬 84
第五章 結論與未來展望 90
5.1 結論 90
5.2 未來展望 91
參考文獻 92

[1] 行政院經建會，電動車電池產業發展趨勢，市場報導，2010年2月。
[2] 黃隆洲，台灣電動車產業發展現況與兩岸合作契機，財團法人國家政策研究基金會簡報資料， 2010年7月。
[3] 黃重球、林全能，綠能暨電動車美國合作與商機拓展，經濟部技術處出國報告資料，2010年9月。
[4] 呂思言，大霧、空氣污染、電動車，京華時報資料，2011年12月。
[5] 陳茜文，電動車市場概況，深度專輯報導資料，2009年9月。
[6] 經建會部門計劃處，推動新興智慧型產業系列一智慧電動車，特別報導，2010年7月。
[7] 薛乃綺，電動車普及的關鍵因素之一：充電站基礎設施的建置，汽車電子產業市集-產業新聞，2010年2月。
[8] 吳懷文，插電式油電混合車對未來電力負載影響，能源報導，2010年3月。
[9] M. A. S. Masoum, P. S. Moses, and K. M. Smedley, “Distribution Transformer Losses and Performance in Smart Grids with Residential Plug-In Electric Vehicles,” in Proc. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Tech. Conf., pp. 1-7, Jan. 17-19, 2011.
[10] R. Liu, L. Dow, and E. Liu, “A Survey of PEV Impacts on Electric Utilities,” in Proc. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Tech. Conf., pp. 1-8, Jan. 17-19, 2011.
[11] J. Taylor, A. Maitra, M. Alexander, D. Brooks, and M. Duvall, “Evaluation of the impact of plug-in electric vehicle loading on distribution system operations,” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet., pp. 1-6, Jul. 26-30, 2009.
[12] S. W. Hadley, and A. Tsvetkova, “Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Power Generation,” J. Electricity, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 56-68, Dec. 2009.
[13] C. Roe, F. Evangelos, J. Meisel, A. P. Meliopoulos, and T. Overbye, “Power System Level Impacts of PHEVs,” in Rec. Hawaii Int. Conf. Syst. Sci., pp. 1-10, Jan. 5-8, 2009.
[14] A. Timbus, M. Larsson, and C. Yuen, “Active management of distributed energy resources using standardized communications and modern information technologies,” IEEE Trans. on Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 4029-4037, Oct. 2009.
[15] A. S. Masoum, S. Deilami, P.S. Moses, and A. A. Siada, “Impacts of battery charging rates of Plug-in Electric Vehicle on smart grid distribution systems,” in Proc. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Tech. Conf., pp. 1-6, Oct. 11-13, 2010.
[16] A. G. Boulanger, A. C. Chu, S. Maxx, and D. L. Waltz, “Vehicle electrification: status and issues,” in Rec. IEEE Proceedings, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 1116-1138, Jun. 2011.
[17] S. Paudyal, and S. Dahal, “Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Optimal Deployment in Smart Grids,” in Proc. Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conf., pp. 1-6, Sept. 25-28, 2011.
[18] Y. T. Chao, S. T. Lee, H. C. Chang, and T. H. Chen, “An improvement project for distribution transformer load management in Taiwan,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 875-881, May 2003.
[19] N. Saker, M. Petit, and J. C. Vannier, “Electric Vehicles Charging Scenarios Associated to Direct Load Control Programs (DLC),” in Proc. IEEE Conf. North American Power Symposium, pp. 1-7, Aug. 4-6, 2011.
[20] F. Koyanagi, and Y. Uriu, “A Strategy of Load Leveling by Charging and Discharging Time Control of Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1179-1184, Aug. 1998.
[21] K. Mets, T. Verschueren, W. Haerick, C. Develder, and F. D. Turck, “Optimizing smart energy control strategies for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging,” in Proc. IEEE/IFIP Network Operation and Management Symposium Workshops, pp.293-299, Apr. 19-23, 2010.
[22] S. Studli, E. Crisostomi, R. Middleton, and R. Shorten, “AIMD-like algorithms for charging electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles,” in Rec. IEEE Int. Electric Vehicle Conf., pp. 1-8, Mar. 4-8, 2012.
[23] W. Tushar, W. Saad, H. V. Poor, and D. B. Smith, “Economics of electric vehicle charging: A game theoretic approach,” IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1767-1778, Dec. 2012.
[24] M. D. Galus, and G. Andersson, “Demand management of grid connected plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV),” in Proc. IEEE Energy 2030 Conf., pp. 1-8, Nov. 17-18, 2008.
[25] M. D. Galus, S. Art and G. Andersson, “A hierarchical, distributed PEV charging control in low voltage distribution grids to ensure network security,” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet. Conf., pp. 1-8, Jul. 22-26, 2012.
[26] J. Taylor, A. Maitra, M. Alexander, D. Brooks, and M. Duvall, “Evaluation of the impact of plug-in electric vehicle loading on distribution system operations,” in Proc. IEEE Power and Energy Soc. Gen. Meet., pp. 1–6, Jul. 25-29, 2010.
[27] M. A. S. Masoum, P. S. Moses, and K. M. Smedley, “Distribution Transformer Losses and Performance in Smart Grids with Residential Plug-In Electric Vehicles,” in Proc. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Tech. Conf., pp. 1-7, Jan. 17-19, 2011.
[28] C. Farkas, K. I. Szabo, and L. Prikler, “Impact assessment of electric vehicle charging on a LV distribution system,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Youth Conf. Energetics , pp. 1-8, Jul. 7-9, 2011.
[29] S. Paudyal, and S. Dahal, “Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Optimal Deployment in Smart Grids,” in Proc. Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conf., pp. 1-6, Sept. 25-28, 2011.
[30] K. Qian, C. Zhou, M. Allan, and Y. Yuan, “Modeling of load demand due to EV battery charging in distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 802–810, May 2011.
[31] F. Yi, and F. Li, “An Exploration of a Probabilistic Model for Electric Vehicles Residential Demand Profile Modeling,” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet. Conf., pp. 1-6, Jul. 22-26, 2012.
[32] D. Steen, L. A. Tuan, O. Carlson and L. Bertling, “Assessment of Electric Vehicle Charging Scenarios Based on Demographical Data,” IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1457-1468, Sept. 2012.
[33] M. Mahalik, L. Poch, A. Botterud, and A. Vyas, “Impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on the electric power system in Illinois,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Innovative Tech. for an Efficient and Reliable Electr. Supply, pp. 341–348, Sep. 27-29, 2010.
[34] P. S.Moses, S. Deilami, A. S.Masoum, andM. A. S. Masoum, “Power quality of smart grids with plug-in electric vehicles considering battery charging profile,” in Proc. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Tech. Conf., pp. 1-7, Oct. 11-13, 2010.
[35] Z. Li, H. Sun, Q. Guo, Y. Wang, and B. Zhang, “GPF-based Method for Evaluating EVs’ Free Charging Impacts in Distribution System,” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet. Conf., pp. 1-7, Jul. 22-26, 2012.
[36] S. Huang, and D. Infield, “The Impact of Domestic Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Power Distribution System Loads,” IEEE Int. Conf. Power System Tech., pp. 1-7, Oct. 24-28, 2010.
[37] E. Pashajavid and M. A. Golkar, “Charging of plug-in electric vehicles: Stochastic modelling of load demand within domestic grids,” in Rec. Iranian Conf. Electrical Engineering, pp. 535-539, May 15-17, 2012.
[38] S. Wang, N. Zhang, Z. Li, and M. Shahidehpour, “Modeling and Impact Analysis of large scale V2G Electric Vehicles on the Power Grid,” in Rec. IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Tech. Conf., pp.1-6, May 21-24, 2012.
[39] M. F. Shaaban, Y. M. Atwa, and E. F. El-Saadany, “PEVs Modeling and Impacts Mitigation in Distribution Networks,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp.1122-1131, May. 2013.
[40] A. Lojowska, D. Kurowicka, G. Papaefthymiou, and L. V. D. Sluis, “Stochastic Modeling of Power Demand Due to EVs Using Copula,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1960-1968, Nov. 2012.
[41] L. Xu, M. Marshall, and L. Dow, “A Framework for Assessing the Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicle to Distribution Systems,” in Proc IEEE PES Power Systems Conf. and Expo., pp. 1-6, Mar. 20-23, 2011.
[42] S. S. Raghavan, and A. Khaligh, “Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging on a Distribution Network in a Smart Grid Environment,” in Rec. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Tech. Conf. (ISGT), pp. 1-7, Jan. 16-20, 2012.
[43] P. Zhang, K. Qian, C. Zhou, B. G. Stewart, D. M. Hepburn, “Demand Response for Optimisation of Power Systems Demand Due to EV Charging Load,” in Proc. Asia-Pacific Power Energy Engineering Conf., pp. 1-4, Mar. 27-29, 2012.
[44] A. S. Masoum, A. A. Siada and S. Islam, “Impact of Uncoordinated and Coordinated Charging of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on Substation Transformer in Smart Grid with Charging Stations,” in Proc. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Tech., pp. 1-7, Nov. 13-16, 2011.
[45] M. A. S. Masoum, P. S. Moses, and S. Hajforoosh, “Distribution transformer stress in smart grid with coordinated charging of plug-in electric vehicles,” in Rec. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Tech., pp. 1–8, Jan. 16-20, 2012.
[46] S. Vandael, B. Claessens, M. Hommelberg, T. Holvoet, and G. Deconinck, “A Scalable Three-Step Approach for Demand Side Management of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles,” IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, no. 99, pp. 1-9, Nov. 2012.
[47] S. Deilami, A. S. Masoum, P. S. Moses, and M. A. S. Masoum, “Real-Time Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charging in Smart Grids to Minimize Power Losses and Improve Voltage Profile,” IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 456-467, Sep. 2011.
[48] J. R. Pillai, P. Thogersen, J. Moller, and B. B. Jensen, “Integration of Electric Vehicles in Low Voltage Danish Distribution Grids,” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet. Conf., pp.1-8, Jul. 22-26, 2012.
[49] A. Schuller, J. Ilg, and C. V. Dinther, “Benchmarking electric vehicle charging control strategies,” in Rec. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Tech. Conf., pp. 1-8, Jan. 16-20, 2012.
[50] C. M. Flath, S. Gottwalt, and J. P. Ilg, “A Revenue Management Approach for Efficient Electric Vehicle Charging Coordination,” in Rec. Hawaii Int. Conf. Syst. Sci., pp. 1888-1896 Jan. 4-7, 2012.
[51] J. C. Ferreira, V. Monteiro, J. L. Afonso and A. Silva “Smart electric vehicle charging system,” in Proc. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symp. Conf., pp. 758-763, Jun. 5-9, 2011.
[52] K. Clement, E. Haesen, and J. Driesen, “Coordinated charging of multiple plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in residential distribution grids,” in Rec. IEEE/PES Power Systems Conf. and Expo., pp. 1-7, Mar. 15-18, 2009.
[53] K. Clement, E. Haesen, and J. Driesen, “The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 371-380, Feb. 2010.
[54] E. Sortomme, M. M. Hindi, S. D. J. MacPherson, and S. S. Venkata, “Coordinated charging of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to minimize distribution system losses,” IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 198-205, Mar. 2011.
[55] J. Soares, T. Sousa, H. Morais, Z. Vale, and P. Faria, “An optimal scheduling problem in distribution networks considering V2G,” in Proc. IEEE Symp. Computational Intelligence Applications in Smart Grid, pp. 1-8, Apr. 11-15, 2011.
[56] P. Zhang, K. Qian, C. Zhou, B. G. Stewart, and D. M. Hepburn, “A Methodology for Optimization of Power Systems Demand Due to Electric Vehicle Charging Load,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1628-1636, Aug. 2012.
[57] Z. Xu, Z. Hu, Y. Song, Z. Luo, K. Zhan, and J. Wu, “Coordinated Charging Strategy for PEVs Charging Stations,” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet. Conf., pp. 1-8, Jul. 22-26, 2012.
[58] S. Shao, M. Pipattanasomporn, and S. Rahman, “Demand Response as a Load Shaping Tool in an Intelligent Grid With Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 624-631, Dec. 2011.
[59] X. Fang, S. Misra, G. Xue, and D. Yang “Smart Grid – The New and Improved Power Grid A Survey,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 944-980, 2012.
[60] Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System-Part 1: General Requirement, IEC 61851-1, 2001.
[61] E. Ornelas, SF Environment: Basics of Electric Vehicle Charging. [Online]. Available: http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/SFCCC/ABC’s%20of%20Battery%20Charging.pdf
[62] S. Shao, M. Pipattanasomporn, and S. Rahman “Challenges of PHEV Penetration to the Residential Distribution Network,” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet. Conf., pp. 1-8, Jul. 26-30, 2009.
[63] “Product Documentation-Optimisation Toolbox,” MathWorks, version 3.1.1. Jan. 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www.mathworks.com/help/toolbox/optim/